Applying Systems Thinking

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Assignment 1: Discussion—Applying Systems Thinking

Organizations are rarely composed of just a single person or a single organization that functions without interacting with other people or organizations. There are many components or parts in an organization’s make-up, each contributing to the overall functioning of the organization and its behavior. If all the parts are working well, the organization operates efficiently. However, if one part stops functioning, this affects all the other parts and the overall organization. Though other parts may be able to compensate for the nonfunctioning part so that the organization continues to function, efficiency is lowered. Organizations have both internal and external parts—such as stakeholders. The challenges of nonfunctioning stakeholders can be internal, external, or both.

Consider the aforementioned aspects, and using the module readings and the Argosy University online library resources, research the application of systems theory to organizations and their stakeholders.

Then, respond to the following:

  • How does systems thinking apply to an organization’s culture, goals, and structures?
  • How are the stakeholders of an organization interconnected and interrelated?

Integrate various types of systems, such as open and closed systems, that might be present in organizations in your answer. Give reasons and examples, supported with appropriate academic literature, when developing your responses. Be sure to cite to APA writing standards for paraphrases and direct quotes.

By Friday, May 15, 2015, post your response to the appropriate Discussion Area.

Write your initial response in 400-500 words. Your response should be thorough and address all components of the discussion question in detail, include citations of all sources, where needed, according to the APA Style, and demonstrate accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation

 

Assignment 2: Exploring Interests to Identify Research Problems

The most important task in preparing to write a dissertation is identifying a current problem that is of interest to you. Conducting research can be a daunting task; however, conducting research on a topic or area that is of interest to the researcher can be motivating and make the research process easier. In this assignment, you will conduct research to identify a current problem in your dissertation topic or area of interest.

Using the module readings and University online library resources, address the following:

  • Research at least five articles in appropriate trade journals or academic peer-reviewed journals to find a current problem in your dissertation topic or area of interest.
  • Describe the problem.
  • Discuss why you are interested in this topic.
  • Explain why addressing this problem might aid the field of study both practically (actual organizational setting) and academically.
  • Identify professional organizations that might assist your research efforts in your topic or area or perhaps be interested in your dissertation study findings.

Write a 3–4-page paper in Word format.Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Click here to download the APA Guide. Use this guide to format your assignment.

Write your responses in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.

 

B

 
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BA Problem Analysis Paper

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bellow is the paper required as well as the previous assignments that were done on the same topic.. you basically have the information and the outline done, just need the final work now. I have posted the previous papers with the prof. feedback on them so you can fix what needs to be fixed.

 

now, just if get confused, here is the order of the paper:

the final required paper is the attachments # 1,2,3

the first paper is the atta

BA 301 – Research & Analysis of Business Problems

 

Research Paper Guidelines and Instructions

 

 

Purpose

This term paper helps you gain skill in applying critical elements of the problem solving process. In addition, it enhances your understanding of real business problems and opportunities, and how you can benefit from using a systematic approach in solving them. While completing this project you’ll have the opportunity to choose a company that interests you, research that company in order to uncover and prioritize some of the strategic and tactical problems facing the management team, and use the problem-solving framework from class to develop some creative solutions to the chosen problem. You’ll also enhance your long-term perspective and understanding of corporate sustainability by recognizing how economic issues interact with social and/or environmental issues in real business settings.

 

Expectations

Although the final report is due at the end of the term, I would suggest that you not wait until the last minute to complete this assignment. As we review key elements of the problem-solving framework throughout the term, you’ll probably want to immediately apply them to your project (you can see that I’m an optimistic guy). In this way, as you run into issues and concerns, you can discuss them with your group or with me. This is a research paper, and good research takes time. You will be required to provide a draft of your term paper to your group members at the end of the term for review. It always helps to let others review and critique your work. They can often see things that you can’t, sometimes just because you are too close to the material. Early on in the term you will be required to provide a draft problem description for your paper as part of a homework assignment. You will also have a chance to review this with your group. This is a crucial part of the project. If the problem is defined poorly or too generally, it will adversely affect the rest of your paper – and your grade!

 

 

Problem Selection

 

I have purposely not selected the corporate problems for you, only a list of possible companies for your research. Early in the course we will discuss Problem Description as a key step in the problem-solving process. You can’t solve a problem if you can’t identify a problem. Too often in past terms students have defined a problem as a goal, or an objective, or an issue. Problem definition begins with identifying symptoms. Symptoms are indicators. Find a gap between the actual and the desired or a contradiction between principle and practice. We’ll talk more about this in class. You’ll need to do preliminary research on your chosen company in order to uncover some of the problems they face in today’s global business arena, and then pick one that you specifically wish to explore further in the context of the term paper.

 

 

Academic Honesty

The project is an individual project, and it is critical that you do your own work. Some of you may choose the same company. Although I would encourage you to discuss the project both inside and outside the class, the final work you submit must be your own. Trust me, I’ll know. And you will be penalized.

 

Final Report Structure

 

The final term paper requires a specific structure and format. You might think that this is restrictive. In a real business environment, you will often be faced with situations where you need to produce a work product that adheres to specific requirements. Get used to it! Express your creative energy in the content and quality of your thought process, critical thinking, research strategy and solutions. Plus, a fixed format helps me to grade consistently. The final paper should describe the problem you have addressed, the solution you propose, and the outcomes the organization can expect in implementing your solution. The template provided on D2L clearly shows the format required for the paper. Look that over early in the term.

 

Write the paper as if I am the audience. I will read and grade the paper with these questions in mind:

 

1.) Is the problem you describe actually a problem, is it supported by data that you have collected, and is it important to the organization?

2.) Have you exhaustively generated a creative set of possible solutions?

3.) Will the solution you propose effectively address the problem, and have you chosen that solution using effective and proven decision-making techniques?

4.) Have you made a convincing, evidence-based argument for you choice?

5.) Will an allocation of corporate resources achieve the benefits you describe?

 

Your report should convince the decision-maker that the solution you recommend can improve the firm’s multiple bottom line (we’ll discuss this in class if you’re not familiar with the phrase) and is worth pursuing.

 

Formatting

The PSU writing center offers in-person and on-line support for student research projects. Their web site is: www.writingcenter.pdx.edu. Please take advantage of these resources.

 

Your final report should be very carefully organized and formatted – using the guideline found in the template on D2L. Use subheadings and highlighting (italics, boldface etc.) as necessary to guide the reader through your work. Use bullet points and numbering to draw attention to lists of important items. Make sure that your formatting style, organizational approach, and level of detail are consistent throughout the report. Use a formal tone appropriate for business documents. Be consistent with use of tense and person. When presenting numerical data, use appropriate guidelines to present your data effectively. Use 12-point Times New Roman for body copy, and 14-point Arial Bold for major headings (see the template on the course website).

 

As for length, the term paper should be at least ten (10) pages long, not counting the Table of Contents, the bibliography page or any necessary appendices, and no longer than 20 pages. And, if you fill the paper with charts and diagrams, make sure you have ten pages of text. Use the font guidelines listed above, and make sure it’s double-spaced and one-sided . I know that it seems like a waste of paper, but single-sided is much easier to grade if I’m reading many papers at the end of the term. And you don’t want me to be cranky when I’m reading your paper.

 

You are expected to follow MLA style guidelines for all citations in the text and on your bibliography page. Be particularly careful when citing materials collected through PSU Library online databases, such as EBSCO Host. The MLA has a web site but does not publish its guidelines there. However, there are many other sources for citation examples, such as:

 

http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/library/researchguides.html.

 

You can also find printed MLA style guidelines in the library and at the writing center.

 

Final Thoughts

The term paper is 35 percent of your final grade. It’s hard to get an A in this class if you don’t do well on this project. Start early, particularly the background research and problem definition. Outline your thoughts and update the outline as we cover the problem-solving framework in class. As mentioned on the first page, the problem definition is critical, so make sure you spend some time on it. Trust me, it will help the rest of the paper go more smoothly. If you’re having problems, come see me with your questions. I’m happy to help.

 

Lastly, good research is the backbone of the paper. And, as I will repeat in class, this means more than just a Google search. Google is a terrific resource, but the PSU Library website is a better one. Experts claim that Google and other common search engines only give you access to less than 1 percent of the data on the Internet. The rest of the information is in the “deep” Web. Corporate and other private databases make up much of this data, and the PSU Library will give you access to some of this. And I had better not see Wikipedia as a source in your citation list.

 

 

 

3

S14BA301TermPaperInstructions.docx

BA 301 – Research & Analysis of Business Problems

 

Research Paper Guidelines and Instructions

 

 

Purpose

This term paper helps you gain skill in applying critical elements of the problem solving process. In addition, it enhances your understanding of real business problems and opportunities, and how you can benefit from using a systematic approach in solving them. While completing this project you’ll have the opportunity to choose a company that interests you, research that company in order to uncover and prioritize some of the strategic and tactical problems facing the management team, and use the problem-solving framework from class to develop some creative solutions to the chosen problem. You’ll also enhance your long-term perspective and understanding of corporate sustainability by recognizing how economic issues interact with social and/or environmental issues in real business settings.

 

Expectations

Although the final report is due at the end of the term, I would suggest that you not wait until the last minute to complete this assignment. As we review key elements of the problem-solving framework throughout the term, you’ll probably want to immediately apply them to your project (you can see that I’m an optimistic guy). In this way, as you run into issues and concerns, you can discuss them with your group or with me. This is a research paper, and good research takes time. You will be required to provide a draft of your term paper to your group members at the end of the term for review. It always helps to let others review and critique your work. They can often see things that you can’t, sometimes just because you are too close to the material. Early on in the term you will be required to provide a draft problem description for your paper as part of a homework assignment. You will also have a chance to review this with your group. This is a crucial part of the project. If the problem is defined poorly or too generally, it will adversely affect the rest of your paper – and your grade!

 

 

Problem Selection

 

I have purposely not selected the corporate problems for you, only a list of possible companies for your research. Early in the course we will discuss Problem Description as a key step in the problem-solving process. You can’t solve a problem if you can’t identify a problem. Too often in past terms students have defined a problem as a goal, or an objective, or an issue. Problem definition begins with identifying symptoms. Symptoms are indicators. Find a gap between the actual and the desired or a contradiction between principle and practice. We’ll talk more about this in class. You’ll need to do preliminary research on your chosen company in order to uncover some of the problems they face in today’s global business arena, and then pick one that you specifically wish to explore further in the context of the term paper.

 

 

Academic Honesty

The project is an individual project, and it is critical that you do your own work. Some of you may choose the same company. Although I would encourage you to discuss the project both inside and outside the class, the final work you submit must be your own. Trust me, I’ll know. And you will be penalized.

 

Final Report Structure

 

The final term paper requires a specific structure and format. You might think that this is restrictive. In a real business environment, you will often be faced with situations where you need to produce a work product that adheres to specific requirements. Get used to it! Express your creative energy in the content and quality of your thought process, critical thinking, research strategy and solutions. Plus, a fixed format helps me to grade consistently. The final paper should describe the problem you have addressed, the solution you propose, and the outcomes the organization can expect in implementing your solution. The template provided on D2L clearly shows the format required for the paper. Look that over early in the term.

 

Write the paper as if I am the audience. I will read and grade the paper with these questions in mind:

 

1.) Is the problem you describe actually a problem, is it supported by data that you have collected, and is it important to the organization?

2.) Have you exhaustively generated a creative set of possible solutions?

3.) Will the solution you propose effectively address the problem, and have you chosen that solution using effective and proven decision-making techniques?

4.) Have you made a convincing, evidence-based argument for you choice?

5.) Will an allocation of corporate resources achieve the benefits you describe?

 

Your report should convince the decision-maker that the solution you recommend can improve the firm’s multiple bottom line (we’ll discuss this in class if you’re not familiar with the phrase) and is worth pursuing.

 

Formatting

The PSU writing center offers in-person and on-line support for student research projects. Their web site is: www.writingcenter.pdx.edu. Please take advantage of these resources.

 

Your final report should be very carefully organized and formatted – using the guideline found in the template on D2L. Use subheadings and highlighting (italics, boldface etc.) as necessary to guide the reader through your work. Use bullet points and numbering to draw attention to lists of important items. Make sure that your formatting style, organizational approach, and level of detail are consistent throughout the report. Use a formal tone appropriate for business documents. Be consistent with use of tense and person. When presenting numerical data, use appropriate guidelines to present your data effectively. Use 12-point Times New Roman for body copy, and 14-point Arial Bold for major headings (see the template on the course website).

 

As for length, the term paper should be at least ten (10) pages long, not counting the Table of Contents, the bibliography page or any necessary appendices, and no longer than 20 pages. And, if you fill the paper with charts and diagrams, make sure you have ten pages of text. Use the font guidelines listed above, and make sure it’s double-spaced and one-sided . I know that it seems like a waste of paper, but single-sided is much easier to grade if I’m reading many papers at the end of the term. And you don’t want me to be cranky when I’m reading your paper.

 

You are expected to follow MLA style guidelines for all citations in the text and on your bibliography page. Be particularly careful when citing materials collected through PSU Library online databases, such as EBSCO Host. The MLA has a web site but does not publish its guidelines there. However, there are many other sources for citation examples, such as:

 

http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/library/researchguides.html.

 

You can also find printed MLA style guidelines in the library and at the writing center.

 

Final Thoughts

The term paper is 35 percent of your final grade. It’s hard to get an A in this class if you don’t do well on this project. Start early, particularly the background research and problem definition. Outline your thoughts and update the outline as we cover the problem-solving framework in class. As mentioned on the first page, the problem definition is critical, so make sure you spend some time on it. Trust me, it will help the rest of the paper go more smoothly. If you’re having problems, come see me with your questions. I’m happy to help.

 

Lastly, good research is the backbone of the paper. And, as I will repeat in class, this means more than just a Google search. Google is a terrific resource, but the PSU Library website is a better one. Experts claim that Google and other common search engines only give you access to less than 1 percent of the data on the Internet. The rest of the information is in the “deep” Web. Corporate and other private databases make up much of this data, and the PSU Library will give you access to some of this. And I had better not see Wikipedia as a source in your citation list.

 

 

 

3

S14BA301TermPaperInstructions.docx

chments # 4,5,6,7

the second assignment is the attachments # 8,9,10

the third assignment is the attchments # 11, 12,13,14,15,16,17,18

the fourth assignment is the attchments # 19,20,21,22

 

msg me if you have any questions,

 
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Finance Questions-11

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8. Portfolio Risk and Return. According to the CAPM, would the expected rate of return on  a security with a beta less than zero be more or less than the risk-free interest rate? Why  would investors invest in such a security? (Hint: Look back to the auto and gold example in Chapter 11.) (LO12-1)

9. Risk and Return. Suppose that the risk premium on stocks and other securities did, in fact, rise with total risk (i.e., the variability of returns) rather than just market risk. Explain how investors could exploit the situation to create portfolios with high expected rates of return but low levels of risk. (LO12-2)

10.  CAPM and Valuation. You are considering acquiring a firm that you believe can generate expected cash flows of $10,000 a year forever. However, you recognize that those cash flows are uncertain. (LO12-2)a.  Suppose you believe that the beta of the firm is .4. How much is the firm worth if the risk-free rate is 4% and the expected rate of return on the market portfolio is 11%?b.  By how much will you overvalue the firm if its beta is actually .6?

1.  Changes in Capital Structure. Look at our calculation of Big Oil’s WACC in Section 13.5. (LO13-1)a.  Suppose Big Oil is excused from paying taxes. What would be its WACC?b.  Now suppose that, after the tax rate has fallen to zero, Big Oil makes a large stock issue and uses the proceeds to pay off all its debt. What would be the cost of equity after the issue?

3. WACC. Reactive Power Generation has the following capital structure. Its corporate tax rate is 21%. What is its WACC? (LO13-1)

Security                     Market Value               Required Rate of Return

Debt                            $20 million                                  6%

Preferred stock            10 million                                   8

Common stock            50 million                                   12

5. Calculating WACC. The total book value of WTC’s equity is $10 million, and book value per share is $20. The stock has a market-to-book ratio of 1.5, and the cost of equity is 15%. The firm’s bonds have a face value of $5 million and sell at a price of 110% of face value. The yield to maturity on the bonds is 9%, and the firm’s tax rate is 21%. Find the company’s WACC. (LO13-1)

18.  Cost of Debt. Olympic Sports has two issues of debt outstanding. One is a 9% coupon bond with a face value of $20 million, a maturity of 10 years, and a yield to maturity of 10%. The coupons are paid annually. The other bond issue has a maturity of 15 years, with coupons also paid annually, and a coupon rate of 10%. The face value of the issue is $25 million, and the issue sells for 94% of par value. The firm’s tax rate is 21%. (LO13-4)

a.  What is the before-tax cost of debt for Olympic?

b.  What is Olympic’s after-tax cost of debt?

19.  Cost of Equity. Bunkhouse Electronics is a recently incorporated firm that makes electronic entertainment systems. Its earnings and dividends have been growing at a rate of 30%, and the current dividend yield is 2%. Its beta is 1.2, the market risk premium is 8%, and the risk-free rate is 4%. (LO13-4)

a.  Use the CAPM to estimate the firm’s cost of equity.

b.  Now use the constant growth model to estimate the cost of equity. c.  Which of the two estimates is more reasonable?

 
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Finance Part 3

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Final Project Part III

 

Part III Overview

To make corporate finance decisions, take an advanced finance course, or pursue a career in finance, you will need to understand basic concepts. This includes

going beyond the number crunching and reading graphs in order to analyze various financial indicators. This analysis can lead to many important decisions in your financial career. For this part of the final project, you will be given a scenario in which you are asked to illustrate your financial knowledge and analysis skills.

 

This part of the assessment addresses the following course outcomes:

 

ď‚· Analyze the roles and responsibilities of financial managers in confirming compliance with federal and shareholder requirements

ď‚· Differentiate between various financial markets and institutions by comparing and contrasting options when selecting appropriate private and corporate investments

ď‚· Compute financial ratios, time value, variables, and returns using industry standard tools for optimizing financial success

ď‚· Analyze corporate financial data for multiple companies in evaluating past and future financial performances

 

Part III Prompt

The results of both sections of your employment examination have finally been received, and you were offered the position. You have a few important decisions

to make before you can formally accept or decline the position. When composing your answers to these decisions, ensure that they are cohesive and read like a short essay.

Your submission must address the following critical elements: I. School Versus Work

A. The school you would like to attend costs $100,000. To help finance your education, you need to choose whether or not to sell your 1,000

shares of Apple stock, 1,000 EE Savings Bonds (with $100 denominations and 4.25% coupon rate) that are five years from their 30-year maturity date, or a combination of both. Provide the appropriate data and calculations that you would perform to make this decision.

B. What are the advantages and disadvantages of selling a combination of stocks and bonds? Be sure to support your answers.

C. Suppose that you choose to sell your stocks, bonds, or a combination of both. What is your choice, and what is your financial reasoning behind this choice? Consider supporting your answer with quantitative data.

D. Suppose that you choose to accept the job. What is your financial reasoning behind this choice? Be sure to support your answer with quantitative data.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

II. Bonus Versus Stock

A. The company has offered you a $5,000 bonus, which you may receive today, or 100 shares of the company’s stock, which has a current stock

price of $50 per share. Mathematically, what is the best choice? Why?

B. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each option? Be sure to support your answers.

C. What would you ultimately choose to do? What is your financial reasoning behind this choice? Consider supporting your answer with quantitative data.

 

III. Compliance

A. While investigating the shares offered to you by your potential boss, you discover that the company you are considering working for is not registered as required under the Securities Act of 1933. How does this influence you as a potential employee and as a potential shareholder? Be sure to reference any applicable statutes or laws.

B. You know that accepting this job may eventually lead to a promotion into the role of the financial manager. As the potential financial manager, what federal and shareholder requirements would you need to be familiar with in order to ensure that you are being completely compliant?

 

 

Final Project Part III Rubric

Guidelines for Submission: Please ensure that your decision plan is submitted as one comprehensive and cohesive short essay. It should use double spacing, 12-

point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins. Citations should be formatted according to APA style.

 

Instructor Feedback: This activity uses an integrated rubric in Blackboard. Students can view instructor feedback in the Grade Center. For more information, review these instructions.

 

Critical Elements Exemplary Proficient Needs Improvement Not Evident Value
School Versus Work:

Finance Your Education

   Accurately calculates the worth

of stocks, bonds, and combinations of stocks and bonds, including the appropriate data and calculations with submission (100%)

 Calculates the worth of stocks,

bonds, and combinations of stocks and bonds, but calculation is inaccurate or appropriate data and/or calculations are not included in submission (55%)

 Does not calculate the worth of

stocks, bonds, and combinations of stocks and bonds (0%)

 11.88
School Versus Work:

Advantages and

Disadvantages

 Meets “Proficient” criteria and

provides historical data, as well as quantitative data, to support answer (100%)

 Comprehensively differentiates

the advantages and disadvantages of selling a combination of stocks and bonds and provides support for answer (85%)

 Differentiates the advantages and

disadvantages of selling a combination of stocks and bonds, but analysis is not comprehensive or support is cursory or missing (55%)

 Does not differentiate the

advantages and disadvantages of selling a combination of stocks and bonds (0%)

 11.88
School Versus Work:

Choose to Sell

 Meets “Proficient” criteria and

supports examination with quantitative data (100%)

 Examines choice to sell stocks,

bonds, or combination of both, explaining the financial reasoning behind the choice (85%)

 Examines choice to sell stocks,

bonds, or combination of both, but explanation of the financial reasoning behind the choice is cursory or missing (55%)

 Does not examine choice to sell

stocks, bonds, or combination of both (0%)

 7.92
School Versus Work:

Accept the Job

 Meets “Proficient” criteria and

supports examination with

quantitative data (100%)

 Examines choice to accept the

job, explaining the financial

reasoning behind the choice

(85%)

 Examines choice to accept the

job, but explanation of the

financial reasoning behind the choice is cursory or missing (55%)

 Does not examine choice to

accept the job (0%)

 7.92
Bonus Versus Stock:

Offered

 Meets “Proficient” criteria, and

explanation of the best choice

demonstrates nuanced understanding of the time-value of money (100%)

 Accurately calculates the best

choice of receiving a cash bonus

versus receiving company stock, including an explanation of the best choice (85%)

 Calculates the best choice of

receiving a cash bonus versus

receiving company stock, but calculation is inaccurate or explanation of best choice is cursory or missing (55%)

 Does not calculate the best choice

of receiving a cash bonus versus

receiving company stock (0%)

 11.88

 

 

 

Bonus Versus Stock: Advantages and Disadvantages Meets “Proficient” criteria, and analysis includes quantitative data (100%) Comprehensively analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the cash and stock options, supporting each option (85%) Analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the cash and stock options, but analysis is not comprehensive or support for each option is cursory or missing (55%) Does not analyze the advantages or disadvantages of the cash and stock options (0%) 11.88
Bonus Versus Stock:

Choose

 Meets “Proficient” criteria and

supports choice with quantitative data (100%)

 Chooses cash or stock option,

including logical financial reasoning behind the choice (85%)

 Chooses cash or stock option,

including financial reasoning behind the choice, but reasoning is illogical or missing (55%)

 Does not choose cash or stock

option (0%)

 7.92
Compliance:

Investigating

 Meets “Proficient” criteria and

references demonstrate knowledge of current events in finance (100%)

 Comprehensively analyzes the

influence of noncompliance on potential employees and potential shareholders, including references to statutes and laws

in analysis (85%)

 Analyzes the influence of

noncompliance on potential employees and potential shareholders, but analysis is not comprehensive or support does not include references to statutes or laws (55%)

 Does not analyze the influence of

noncompliance on potential employees or potential shareholders (0%)

 11.88
Compliance: Accepting Meets “Proficient” criteria, and

analysis demonstrates nuanced understanding of requirements for compliance with federal laws (100%)

 Comprehensively analyzes the

federal and shareholder requirements necessary for a financial manager to become familiar with in order to ensure compliance (85%)

 Analyzes the federal and

shareholder requirements necessary for a financial manager to become familiar with in order to ensure compliance, but analysis is not comprehensive (55%)

 Does not analyze the federal and

shareholder requirements necessary for a financial manager to become familiar with in order to ensure compliance (0%)

 11.88
Articulation of

Response

 Submission is free of errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, and organization and is presented in a professional and easy to read format (100%) Submission has no major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization (85%) Submission has major errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that negatively impact readability and articulation of main ideas (55%) Submission has critical errors related to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or organization that prevent understanding of ideas (0%) 4.96
Earned Total 100%
 
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