What is a Case Study?

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For this assignment you will respond to three case studies.

What is a Case Study?

“A case study is a narrative used to help you practice real-life analysis and communication skills. It is a learning tool that provides readers with “enough detail…to understand the nature and scope of the problem, and…serve as a springboard for discussion and learning” (O’Rourke, 2007, p. 391).

Use your textbook and academic resources from the Library to support your responses.

Access the Library directly from Course Resources for this class, or through the student portal. Be sure to cite and reference all your sources. The Library has a feature that allows you to automatically create an APA formatted reference.

Your completed case study should be between 750–1000 words, and all sources must be properly cited using APA format.

  1. Amy is cooking dinner for her family. She moves to pull a pot off the stove and accidently touches the burner. She reflexively pulls her finger away from the stove and immediately feels the pain.
    1. Which receptor neuron is responsible for sending information from her finger to her peripheral nervous system?
    2. Is this receptor neuron, an afferent or efferent neuron?
    3. Explain where the information from the receptor neuron is sent and how does it result in Amy moving her finger away from the stove.
    4. How many neurons are typically involved in this response? What are the names of these neurons?
    5. Evolutionarily, why do you think the human body has this system in place?
    6. What might happen if we did not have this response?
  2. Glen, who is 45 years old, begins to notice that his hands shake (tremors) when he is performing everyday tasks such as signing his signature. His family members have noticed that he also has muffled speech and tends to shuffle when he walks. He is diagnosed with Early Onset Parkinson’s disease.
    1. What is Early Onset Parkinson’s disease?
    2. What specific cell type is affected in Parkinson’s disease?
    3. What is dopamine? What effects does dopamine have on the body?
    4. Explain the structure of a synapse and why Glen’s neurologist would prescribe him a dopamine agonist?
    5. Glen has genetic testing performed and it is determined that he does carry an autosomal dominant mutation in the SNCA gene associated with Early Onset Parkinson’s disease. Glen has three children. Would you advise his children to have genetic testing performed to determine if they also carry the disease mutation? Why or why not?
  3. Patricia, who is 37 years old, discusses with her physician recent symptoms that she has experienced including blurred vision, numbness in her fingers and face, dizziness, fatigue and weakness. The physician performs multiple neurological tests and she is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS).
    1. What is MS?
    2. Is MS a disease of the central or peripheral nervous system?
    3. What is the main cell structure affected in MS?
    4. How is the action potential of a neuron affected in MS?
    5. The origins of MS are not clear. What do scientists hypothesize to be the causes of MS?

Your assignment should be written in an essay format. The assignment requires you to include details from research including the course materials and sources you locate on your own. Remember to use APA format to cite your sources of information, both within parenthetical citations and also within a reference page at the end of the project.

Basic Writing Requirements:

  • Between 750–1000 words not counting the title or reference pages.
  • Include a title page, double space, font size 10 or 12.
  • Include a well-developed introduction and conclusion
  • Provide exceptional content.
  • Demonstrate superior organization: use logic.
  • Free of grammar and spelling errors.
  • No evidence of plagiarism.
  • Use the APA style for all citations.
 
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Napsrx Practice Quiz/

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1.      How are drugs sorted into therapeutic group and classes?

A.      First by the conditions that they are used to treat, and then by their mechanisms of action

B.      First by their mechanisms of action, and then by their therapeutic effects

C.      First by their side effects, and then by their therapeutic effects

D.     First by their toxicity, and then by their effectiveness

2.      What section of a drug’s package insert describes situations in which the drug should not be used because the risks outweigh the therapeutic benefits?

A.      Adverse reactions

B.      Contraindications

C.      Overdosage

D.     Warming/precautions

3.      Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the classic approach to band development strategy covered in your manual?

A.      Band personality

B.      Band positioning

C.      Band quality

D.     Band values

4.      What is the name of the condition that occurs after a specific dose of a drug is given at such regular intervals that absorption and elimination (and therefore drug plasma concentration) have become fairly constant?

A.      homeostasis

B.      steady state

C.      titration

D.     tolerance

5.      Which entity/entities invest/s the most money in pharmaceutical R&D?

A.      Canadian pharmaceutical companies

B.      The NIH

C.      The U.S Government

D.     U.S pharmaceutical companies

6.      Over the last few decades, what has happened to legal limitations sales’ reps discussions about off label uses?

A.      Limitations have decreased.

B.      Limitations have increased significantly.

C.      Limitations have increased slightly.

D.     Limitations have remained about the same.

7. Why are novice sales representatives often placed in charge of negotiating MCO formularies?

A. to become more familiar with the healthcare industry

B. to be more familiar with their territories

C. P&T committees are more receptive to new experienced reps.

D. They are not. This job is usually reserved for more experienced reps.

8.      Which of the following is an example of a central value?

A.      I buy Advil to show that I’m modern consumer.

B.      I like Advil because we were both born in the 80s.

C.      I prefer Advil because I like the flavor.

D.     I prefer Advil because it’s easier to swallow.

9.      Which of the following specialties likely has the MOST emergency calls?

A.      Cardiology

B.      Psychiatry

C.      Urology

D.     All specialists have the same number of emergency calls

10.  What affects the rate of active transport?

A.      The availability of carriers, but not energy

B.      The availability of energy, but not carriers

C.      The availability of carriers and energy

D.     Neither the availability of carriers nor the availability of energy

11.  Over the last few decades, what has happened to the FDA approval time for new drugs?

A.      It has been lengthened to ensure safer drug products.

B.      It has been lengthened to limit DTC marketing.

C.      It has been shortened to improve drug quality.

D.     It has been shortened to reduce the cost of new drug development.

12.  Which of the following would NOT help improve compliance?

A.      Patients liking their providers

B.      Patients using only one pharmacist

C.      Pharmacists understanding how generics differ from brand name drugs

D.     Support groups

13.   As the price a patient pays for prescription increases, what happens to the likelihood that the patient will fill it?

A.      It decreases

B.      It increases

C.      It remains unaffected because the prescription is needed

D.     It remains unaffected because the prescription’s increased cost is offset by its perceived value

14.  Which of the following is NOT one of the body’s major organ systems?

A.      The cardiovascular system

B.      The cellular system

C.      The gastrointestinal system

D.     The musculoskeletal system

15.   How do most drugs exert their primary physiological effects?

A.      By activating synapses between different types of tissues

B.      By binding to cell receptors that are sensitive to their presence

C.      By inhibiting synapses between different types of tissues

D.     Through genetic mutation

16.   What should a sale representative do if all of the prime spaces in a drug cabinet are occupied?

A.      Ask staff for permission to move some of the other products in the cabinet

B.      Ask staff for permission to throw away expired product in the cabinet

C.      Ask the doctor if he still needs some of the other products in the cabinet

D.     Surreptitiously move your largest competitor’s products out of the way

17.  It is inappropriate for physicians’ prescribing behaviors to be educated by their personal tastes and idiosyncrasies

A.      True

B.      False

18.  The FDA defines API as the active———-ingredient in a drug, which produces the desired change in the body.

A.      Pharmaceutical

B.      Positive

C.      Potent

D.     Primary

19.  What term describes the usage of a medication for purposes other than the FDA-approved indications on the labeling?

A.      Contraindicative indication

B.      Off-indication usage

C.      Off label use

D.     Off usage

20.  What is typically NOT a characteristic of a pharmaceutical rep?

A.      Pharmaceutical sales reps are authentic and real.

B.      Pharmaceutical sales reps are creative.

C.      Pharmaceutical sale reps are focused.

D.     Pharmaceutical sale reps are not concerned about competitors.

21.  Which of the following refers to all active and inert pharmaceutical ingredients in a drug, including fillers and colors?

A.      Formulation

B.      Mycoplasma

C.      Peptide

D.     Saccharide

22.  Senior citizens consume over——–times as many pharmaceutical as people under 65.

A.      Three

B.      Five

C.      Ten

D.     Fifteen

23.  What is passive diffusion?

A.      A type of pinocytosis

B.      Membrane transport via vesicles

C.      The use of energy to help a substance pass from a low concentration gradient to a high one

D.     When a substance freely moves through a membrane from a high concentration gradient to a low one

24.  What are all metabolites?

A.      Type of pinocytosis

B.      Membrane transport via vesicles

C.      The use of energy to help a substance pass a low concentration gradient to a high one

D.     When a substance freely moves through a membrane from a high concentration gradient to allow one

25.  When a drug is administered orally, where does first-pass metabolism occur?

A.      Intestine

B.      Liver

C.      Pancreas

D.     Stomach

26.  Which of the following is NOT part of the Seven Step Cascade of Emotion?

A.      Be a consultant, not a rep

B.      Identify what your product does

C.      Reflect

D.     Visualize the power 10

27.  If a sales representative’s product is placed on the second tier of a standard three-tier formulary, which of the following is most likely true?

A.      It has not been reviewed by the P&T committee.

B.      It is in a neutral position unless it is at parity with other drugs

C.      It probably has exclusive preferred status if it is not at parity with any other drugs.

D.     It will essentially sell itself if it is granted exclusive preferred status.

28.  According to your manual, what is a common complaint that physicians have about traditional sampling methods?

A.      That drug sample supply is too unpredictable

B.      That patients are less likely to take free samples because they think they are lower quality

C.      That patients do not like seeing drug representatives in their offices

D.     That they receive too many drug samples

29.  Which of the following would help you build trust with a physician?

A.      Asking if he or she is having any problems with the managed care coverage of your products

B.      Repeating a question you already asked

C.      Surprising the office staff with a new poster in the break room

D.     None of these would help you build trust with a physician

30.   As of November 2013, which of these countries has legalized DTC advertising of prescription drugs?

A.      Canada

B.      Japan

C.      Spain

D.     None of these

31.  Which phase of clinical trial is also known as the pivotal phase?

A.      Phase I

B.      Phase III

C.      Phase IV

D.     Phase IX

32.   During which phase of clinical trials is also known as the pivotal phase?

A.      Preclinical

B.      Phase I

C.      Phase II

D.     Phase III

33.  What is one of the biggest time wasters for a pharmaceutical sales rep?

A.      Winterers

B.      Pharmacists

C.      Receptionists

D.     Physicians

34.   What is the percentage fee that the dispenser pays the wholesaler for distribution?

A.      Margin fee

B.      Recharge

C.      Standard fee

D.     Upcharge

35.  Which of the following is an example of noncompliance?

A.      A patient forgetting to take a drug at a specified time of day

B.      A patient taking a drug, but only because it has been court-mandated

C.      A pharmacist dispensing a generic equivalent of a drug instead of the brand name

D.     A physician refusing to prescribe a drug because he or she does not trust the clinical studies on it

36.  What is one way in which pharmaceutical selling is different from selling in most other industries?

A.      In pharmaceutical sales, the decision-makers consumers, and payers are usually the same entity

B.      Pharmaceutical selling takes less time because doctors are so busy.

C.      Representatives do NOT sell to the user of the product.

D.     Representatives DO sell to the end user of the product

37.  Drugs can be used—– days beyond their expiration date.

A.      2-7 days, depending on the most current monograph.

B.      2-90 days, depending on the state laws

C.      7-90 days, depending on the type of drug and its therapeutic class.

D.     None of these

38.  What issue has MOST encouraged consumers’ desire to see more OTC medications?

A.      A weaker patients ‘right movement

B.      Lack of insurance coverage

C.      Less reliance on the internet

D.     Proliferation of herbal remedies

39.  Which phase of trials largely determines the clinical dose?

A.      Preclinical trials

B.      Phase II trials

C.      Phase III trials

D.     Phase IV trials

40.  What must be contained in the Description section of a pharmaceutical package insert?

A.      Adverse effects

B.      Mechanism of action

C.      Pharmacokinetics

D.     The proprietary name and the established name

41.   Customers purchase products from people they like, trust, and respect. This is called the———-

A.      Closing of the sale

B.      First time advantage

C.      Likeability factor

D.     Power of knowledge

42.   According to your manual, how has the U.S. healthcare marketplace changed in the last few decades?

A.      Fewer and fewer prescription drugs have been made available as OTCs.

B.      Managed care has been increasingly replaced by more patient- centered approaches.

C.      The aging Baby Boomer generation has begun demanding more personalized attention.

D.     There has been decreased emphasis on preventive health.

43.  How does pharmaceutical marketing help narrow the treatment gap?

A.      It encourages patients to take more active roles in their healthcare.

B.      It makes doctors more skeptical of the pharmaceutical industry.

C.      It makes patients more skeptical of their doctors’ opinions.

D.     All of these

44.  The FDA requirements for nutraceuticals and medicinal herbs are just as stringent as for pharmaceuticals.

A.      True

B.      False

45.   After a trade-name drug’s patent expires, how may generic versions of it be sold?

A.      Only under the branded generic name

B.      Only under the generic name

C.      Only under the original trade name

D.     Under the original trade name or a generic name

46.  What is required for a new pharmaceutical to be considered a viable therapy?

A.      It causes no serious adverse effects.

B.      It causes no side effects.

C.      It has an active placebo.

D.     It is more effective and/or causes fewer serious adverse effects than other drugs on the market.

47.   A generic version is likely to have some inactive ingredients that are different from those of the original drug.

A.      True

B.      False

 

48.  Where are most drugs metabolized?

A.      Interstitial spaces

B.      Liver

C.      Stomach

D.     The bloodstream

 

49.  What is essential to the ethical requirement that subjects be selected fairly?

A.      Selection criteria should be well-supported by documented evidence.

B.      Studies should make every attempt to conduct research on subjects who are underprivileged and in need of medical attention

C.      Subject should be selected based on scientific objectives.

D.     All of these

 

50.  Which of the following is NOT typically included in the indications and usage section of the package insert information?

A.      Diseases or conditions that the drug is approved to treat

B.      The drug’s active metabolites

C.      The drug’s recommended usual dosage

D.     The drug’s usual dosage range

 

 

 
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Biological Astronaut

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Imagine you are an exploratory astronaut looking for life throughout the universe. One day you encounter a planet that has no carbon present on its surface. However, your instruments register movement and a variety of other signs that make you think life exists on the surface.

 

Part 1:

Look for an element on the periodic table that would act similarly to carbon. Once you have identified one, be sure to discuss the following in your justification.

· Examine and discuss the outer electron shell and chemical bonding characteristics of this new element.

· Specifically describe how the outer shell would make this new element bond as carbon does.

· Then you should specifically discuss or draw two chemical reactions to form macromolecules with this different element. For example, make a molecule like glucose but without any carbons (replace carbon with your new element). Images will work great here; they can be hand or computer drawn or you may be able to find some on the internet.

· Cite your references!

 

Part 2:

Choose two of the defining characteristics of life and design an experiment to test each in your alien lifeform. Be sure that your design includes all the following points.

· Hypothesis

· Dependent and independent variables

· Control and experimental groups

· Standardized variables

· The specific type of data you would collect

· How you would analyze and present these data

· What pieces of data/evidence you would need to support your hypothesis. Alternatively, what evidence would disprove your hypothesis?

Remember to keep things simple and observable. You will most likely have to design 2 different experiments to test the different characteristics.

 
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“Phytoplankton, Chemosynthesis, and Mitochondria”

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“Phytoplankton, Chemosynthesis, and Mitochondria”

For your primary post, please respond to one of the following three topics with a post of at least 125 words that addresses each point given in the instructions. Also, please reply to at least one fellow student on any topic.

Topic 1

: The phytoplankton that brought Earth to life. Review the video (1)* about the “phytoplankton that brought Earth to life” from the link given below. In this clip, which is under 5 minutes in length, Penny Chisholm discusses a tiny phytoplankton called Prochlorococcus. Based on that video, please address the following:

(a) What is the importance of Prochlorococcus for life on the planet Earth, both historically and in the present day?
(b) In the video, Dr. Chisholm tells us that Prochlorococcus samples from different environments are genetically different. What does this tell us about the relationships between organisms and their environments?
(c) Explain how this relates to this week’s lessons.
Topic 2 [article]: Snails that don’t eat. A recent article by JoAnna Klein (2)* describes a partnership between the snail Gigantopelta chessoia and a chemosynthetic bacterium. The bacterium is called an “endosymbiont” because it lives inside the snail.

(a) Describe the partnership between Gigantopelta chessoia and its endosymbiont.
(b) What is most surprising to you about this situation?
(c) Explain how this relates to this week’s lessons.
Topic 3 [article]: Exercise and mitochondria. Exercise is generally known to have many beneficial effects on our bodies at several different levels. Some studies have examined the effects of exercise at the level of muscle cells. Read the press release by Cell Press (3)*.

(a) What specifically did these researchers measure in their volunteers?
(b) What were their findings?
(c) Explain how this relates to this week’s lessons.
References (Writing Standards format).

PBS Newshour, March 5, 2014. The phytoplankton that brought Earth to life, https://youtu.be/m_43nR11PW8
JoAnna Klein, July 11, 2018. This snail goes through metamorphosis. Then it never has to eat again. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/science/snail-metamorphosis.html
Cell Press, March 7, 2017. How exercise — interval training in particular — helps your mitochondria stave off old age. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/03/170307155214.htm

 
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