The Cell, Lokiarcharum, and rRNA”

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The Cell, Lokiarcharum, and rRNA”

For your primary post, please respond to one of the following three topics with a post of at least 125 words that addresses each point given in the instructions.

Topic 1

: Introduction to the Cell. Watch the Khan Academy video “Introduction to the cell” (1)* and then address the following issues.

  • (a) In the video, the narrator says that we might think that since cells are so small, that they must be simple, but “nothing could be further from the truth.” What did he mean by that?
  • (b) Describe features that are only found in eukaryotic (but not prokaryotic) cells.
  • (c) Did anything in this video surprise you, or was it mainly a recap of material you already knew?

Topic 2 [article]: Lokiarchaeum. Read about Lokiarcheum in the article by Yong (2)* and/or the article by Zimmer (3)*. Both articles describe recently discovered evidence about a previously unknown organism. Then, address the following issues:

  • (a) Lokiarchaeum may be a “transitional form” between archaea and eukarya. What evidence suggests this?
  • (b) Describe one way that this relates to this week’s lesson.
  • (c) Cite whichever article you use. If you use both, cite them both. There’s no particular reason why you should need any other source, but if you do use any other source, you must cite it, too.

Topic 3 [research]: Carl Woese. Carl Woese (b. 1928, d. 2012) worked out a new method for classifying organisms based on RNA from their ribosomes. This is called ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Research Carl Woese’s research on the Internet, and then address the following issues:

  • (a) Describe the basic logic of this Woese’s approach. In other words, how can you tell if two organisms are closely-related or distantly-related from their rRNA?
  • (b) Name one of Woese’s most important findings.
  • (c) Describe one way that this relates to this week’s lesson.
  • (d) Don’t forget to cite your source or sources!

References ( Use this format).

  1. Khan Academy, November 29, 2017. Introduction to the cell,  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KfHxF6Vhps
  2. Ed Yong, May 6, 2015. New Loki microbe is closest relative to all complex life,  http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/06/new-loki-microbe-is-closest-relative-to-all-complex-life/
  3. Carl Zimmer, May 6, 2015, Under the sea, a missing link in the evolution of complex cells, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/07/science/under-the-sea-a-missing-link-in-the-evolution-of-complex-cells.html?_r=0
 
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Cricket Experiment Setup

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Lab 1: To Chirp or Not to Chirp? That is lathe Question.

lab report google link:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KUla3Hrmm2gtoq7TM7uMmNqMSmDSc6tmgQiIG6Yhfx8/edit#

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this lab you will be able to:

  • Describe how logic plays a role in experimental design.
  • Identify variables in an experiment.
  • Develop logical hypotheses, prediction statements, and conclusions.

Introduction

Your task in this lab is to explore the process of scientific inquiry by investigating the reason and timing of cricket chirps using an online tutorial that was developed by Glendale Community College in Glendale, AZ that will allow you to review steps of the Scientific Method and design your own experiment. To begin, open this interactive website on the Scientific Method:

http://webapp.gccaz.edu/academic/biology/scientific_method/ 

Tutorial Analysis Questions

Click on the “Tutorial” button at the bottom of the screen to begin. Following the instructions provided in the introduction, complete the entire tutorial and then answer the questions below. It is highly recommended that if you do not answer the questions in the tutorial correctly, repeat the exercises until you get it correct.

Please Note:

There is a glitch in the tutorial. When you get to the flower logic problem, do not select the box labeled “White White” as your first selection. The solution the tutorial gives you when you select this box is incomplete.

  1. Were you able to solve the first logic problem about flowers in the box? Briefly your initial thought process as you decided which labels belong on which box (even if you did not guess correctly on your first try).
  2. How did you do in the tutorial portion of the activity? Did you carefully read the questions or make assumptions that led to selecting the incorrect answers? Describe what you learned about your analytical skills in this exercise.

Cricket Experiment Setup

In this activity, you will be given 5 potential experiments to run to test the reason that crickets chirp. Your task is to test all 5 of the experimental conditions to test, collect your data, and draw conclusions based on your experimental results. To be most efficient with your time, answer the questions below as you go.

  1. Record the BEST problem statement provided in the activity:
  2. How do crickets make their chirping sounds?
  3. Record the laboratory conditions that have been recreated to simulate the cricket’s habitat:
    Air Temperature: _______________ C
    Atmospheric Pressure: __________________ mm
    Number of crickets nearby:_______________
    Wind Speed:_______________ m/sec
    Cricket Chirps:_______________ per minute
  4. For the factor you believe to be the most plausible, identify the following components:
    1. What is your hypothesis?
    2. What is your independent variable?
    3. What is your dependent variable?
    4. What are all the controlled variables?

Data Collection

Perform the experiments, testing every hypothesis made available to you. Collect at least 5 data points for each hypothesis. Record your data in the tables below. Regardless of which hypothesis you believe to be the most likely, you must still collect at least 5 data points for all 5 hypotheses.

Effect of Nearby Crickets on Chirp Rate

Effect of Atmospheric Pressure on Chirp Rate

Effect of Wind Speed on Cricket Chirp Rate

Number of nearby crickets

Chirp Rate (Chirps/min)

Pressure

(mm Hg)

Chirp Rate (Chirps/minute)

Wind Speed (m/sec)

Chirp Rate (Chirps/minute)

 

Effect of Humidity on Chirp Rate

Effect of Temperature on Chirp Rate

Humidity

(%)

Chirp Rate

(Chirps/min)

Temp

(C°)

Chirp Rate (Chirps/min)

 

Data Analysis

After collecting and analyzing your data, there are a series of questions to answer regarding your results. Complete all the questions.  BE VERY CAREFUL WHEN DETERMINING WHAT THE QUESTIONS ARE ASKING!! THERE ARE SOME TRICKY ONES THAT YOU MUST THINK ABOUT CAREFULLY!! Be sure you understand what is being asked, and are absolutely certain the options you choose can actually be determined from the data you have! (You do not need to print the trophy when complete.)

Provide a descriptive paragraph below explaining how you used your data to draw the appropriate conclusions. Address the following questions in your analysis:

  1. What is your final conclusion on cricket chirp rate?
  2. Did the tutorial help you apply logical thought processes to draw your conclusion?
  3. What problems did you encounter in the process?
  4. Did any of the final questions testing your understanding of the data trip you up?
 
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Ecological Footprint Analysis of Tropical Rainforest Deforestation

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13 Ecological Footprint Analysis of Tropical Rainforest Deforestation

Use the table below to answer the questions that follow.

Country

Area of

tropical rain forest (square kilometers)

Area of

deforestation per year (square kilometers)

Annual rate of tropical rainforest loss

A

1,800,000

50,000

.03%

B

55,000

3,000

C

22,000

6,000

D

530,000

12,000

E

80,000

700

1. What is the annual rate of tropical rain forest loss, as a percentage of total forest area, in each of the five countries? Answer by filling in the blank column in the table.

2. What is the annual rate of tropical deforestation collectively in all of the countries represented in the table?

3. According to the table, and assuming the rates of deforestation remain constant, which country’s tropical rain forest will be completely destroyed first?

4. Assuming the rate of deforestation in country C remains constant, how many years will it take for all of its tropical rain forests to be destroyed?

5. Assuming that a hectare (1.0 hectare = 0.01 square kilometer) of tropical rain forest absorbs 0.85 metric tons (1 metric ton = 2,200 pounds) of carbon dioxide per year, what would be the total annual growth in the carbon footprint (carbon emitted but not absorbed by vegetation because of deforestation) in metric tons of carbon dioxide per year for each of the five countries in the table?

A =

B =

C =

D =

E =

 
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Name of enzyme you will use: Catalase

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Created an outline.

 

Include the following in your outline:

 

Name of enzyme you will use

Name of organism (if applicable)

The substrate and products in the chemical reaction

Method for measuring enzyme activity

Treatment: acidic fluid(s), pH, length of exposure, how you will treat your samples

The control(s) in the experiment

Hypothesis

How you will present your data (table and/or type of graph)

Anything else you would like to get feedback on before you start your experiment

 

****Here is the outline*****

 

Outline to Final Applied Lab Project:

Enzymes Reaction to Hydrogen Peroxide and Temperatures

 

Name of enzyme you will use:  Catalase

 

Substrate and products in the chemical reaction:  Hydrogen Peroxide

 

Method for measuring enzyme activity:  Balloons

 

Controls:  Independent: Temperature

Dependent:  Balloon

 

Length of exposure:  10 minutes

 

Hypothesis:  The response of enzyme to Hydrogen Peroxide and a specific        temperature

 

How you will present your data: Bar Graph

 

Summary of findings

 

*************************************

 

 

 

Instructions:

 

Demonstration of your knowledge of basic laboratory skills, experimental design, and/or data evaluation will be assessed by the submission of an applied final lab project.

 

Based on the outline, and the Lab submitted, the 4 outcomes need to be addressed

Laboratory Assignments

Addresses course outcomes 1-4:

·       recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems

·       make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations

·       weigh evidence and make decisions based on strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge and the scientific method

·       use knowledge of biological principles, the scientific method, and appropriate technologies to ask relevant questions, develop hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, interpret results, and draw conclusions

 

 

 

Experiment 2: Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Pre-Lab Questions

1. What reaction is being used to study the effect of temperature on enzyme activity in this experiment? Temperature can affect the enzyme catalytic reaction.

 

2. What does an increase in balloon diameter mean with respect to enzyme activity? The activity increases as well

 

 

3. Why is important to know this information before starting Experiment #1? The diameter of the balloon will show the activity of the enzyme based upon temperature.

 

Table 2: Balloon Circumference vs. Temperature
Tube Temperature (°C) Uninflated Balloon Circumference (cm) Final Balloon Circumference (cm) Difference in Balloon Circumference (cm)
1 – (Cold) 1  4 inches  6.5 2.5
2 – (RT)  2.3    6.75 2.75
3 – (Hot)  4    7.25 3.25

 

Insert labeled photos of your initial and final balloons here. Photos must be labeled! Include a note with your name and date on an index card in the pictures.

 

Post-Lab Questions

 

1. What is the enzyme in this experiment? The catalase. What is the substrate? The Hydrogen Peroxide

 

2. What is the independent variable in this experiment? Temperature. What is the dependent variable? Balloon diameter

 

3. How did temperature affect enzyme function? Hot temperature causes high enzyme activity, the cold has less activity, but the room temperature’s activity was slower to react.

 

 

4. Is there a negative control in this experiment? No negative controls. To revise we would use water, therefore nothing would be expected to happen.

 

 

 

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