Which of the following is true of a diploid organism?

Question 1
Select one answer.
10 points
Which of these discusses genotypes rather than phenotypes.
1.     The offspring of these flowers can be either red or white.
2.     The male mouse is homozygous dominant.
3.     Lactose intolerance can be due to a missing protein (the enzyme that digests lactose).
4.     All of these discuss genotypes
Question 2
Select one answer.
10 points
Alleles are different versions of a _______________.
1.     phenotype
2.     chromosome
3.     gene
4.     genotype
Question 3
Select one answer.
10 points
Which of the following is true of a diploid organism?
1.     It has two of each gene.
2.     It has two of each chromosome.
3.     It has two alleles of each gene.
4.     All of the above.
5.     None of the above.
Question 4
Select one answer.
10 points
The sister chromatids separate during which stage of meiosis?
1.     Anaphase I
2.     Anaphase II
3.     Prophase I
4.     Prophase II
Question 5
Select one answer.
10 points
The next three questions are based on the following information.
In humans, the ability to roll the tongue (T) is dominant over the inability to do so (t). Suppose Mike, who can roll his tongue, and Jeannie, who cannot roll her tongue, have a child, Benjamin.
Part 1 of 3: If Mike’s mother was able to roll her tongue but his father was not able to roll his, then what is the probability that Benjamin will be able to roll his tongue?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     0%
Question 6
Select one answer.
10 points
Part 2 of 3: What is the probability that Benjamin will be homozygous recessive?
1.     50%
2.     0%
3.     75%
4.     100%
Question 7
Select one answer.
10 points
Part 3 of 3: What is the probability that Benjamin will be homozygous dominant?
1.     0%
2.     50%
3.     100%
4.     75%
Question 8
Select one answer.
10 points
How many different gametes are produced by a cell with the genotype AABb?
1.     1
2.     2
3.     3
4.     4
Question 9
Select one answer.
10 points
Describe the importance of independent assortment: ________________________.
1.     will assort independently of each other
2.     will sort to the same gamete
3.     are called alleles
4.     All of these are true
Question 10
Select one answer.
10 points
Homozygous is a term that can describe a(n) _____________.
1.     allele
2.     heterozygous
3.     genotype
4.     phenotype

Question 11
Select one answer.
10 points
Red flower color is incompletely dominant over white flower color. If a red flower is crossed with a pink flower, what percentage of the offspring will be pink?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
Question 12
Select one answer.
10 points
Use the following information to answer the next three questions.
In humans, there are three alleles for blood type: A, B, and O. A and B are codominant over O. Suppose Jim, a man with type A blood, and Leah, a woman with type B blood, have a child, Winnie. Jim’s parents both have blood type AB. Leah’s mother has type B, and her father has type O.
Part 1 of 3: What is the probability that Winnie’s blood type will be AB?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
5.     0%
Question 13
Select one answer.
10 points
Part 2 of 3:What is the chance that Winnie’s blood type will be A?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
5.     0%
Question 14
Select one answer.
10 points
Part 3 of 3:What is the chance that Winnie’s blood type will be B?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
5.     0%
Question 15
Select one answer.
10 points
Use the following information to answer the next three questions.
In dogs, colored fur, E, is dominant over colorless fur, e. Black fur color, B, is dominant over brown fur color, b. The E gene is epistatic to the B gene. Suppose a yellow male dog is mated with a black female. The male’s parents were both brown. The female’s mother was yellow, and her father was brown.
Part 1 of 3: What percentage of the puppies will be yellow?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
5.     0%
Question 16
Select one answer.
10 points
Part 2 of 3: What percentage of the puppies will be black?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
5.     0%
Question 17
Select one answer.
10 points
Part 3 of 3: What percentage of the puppies will be brown?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
5.     0%
Question 18
Select one answer.
10 points
Human height is affected by ______________.
1.     genetics only
2.     the environment only
3.     genetics and the environment

Question 19

Select one answer.
10 points
A genetic disorder that is sex-linked cannot also be ___________________.
1.     autosomal
2.     recessive
3.     dominant
4.     all of these are possible
Question 20
Select one answer.
10 points
In humans, how many alleles of genes found on the X chromosome do male have?
1.     0
2.     1
3.     2
4.     4
Question 21

Select one answer.
10 points
Nondisjunction in meiosis I results in
1.     two cells missing a chromosome and two healthy cells.
2.     two cells missing a chromosome and two cells with an additional chromosome
3.     one cell missing a chromosome, one cell with missing a chromosome and two healthy cells.
4.     two cells with an additional chromosome and two healthy cells
Question 22

Select one answer.
10 points
Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder. A person with the disorder and a person that is a carrier mate. (A carrier has the allele for the trait but does not express it.)
What is the chance that their offspring will develop sickle cell anemia?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
Question 23

Select one answer.
10 points
The sex of the offspring is determined by _____________.
1.     the mother only
2.     the father only
3.     both the mother and the father
Question 24

Select one answer.
10 points
According to the pedigree below, this trait is ____________________.

1.     Sex-linked recessive
2.     autosomal dominant
3.     Sex-linked dominant
4.     autosomal recessive
Question 25

Select one answer.
10 points
What is the genotype of the unshaded individuals in the pedigree below?

1.     Either AA or Aa
2.     Aa
3.     aa
4.     AA
Question 26

Select one answer.
10 points
Nondisjunction in meiosis II results in: ______________________
1.     Two cells missing a chromosome and two cells with an additional chromosome.
2.     One cell missing a chromosome, one cell with missing a chromosome and two healthy cells.
3.     Two cells missing a chromosome and two healthy cells.
4.     Two cells with an additional chromosome and two healthy cells

Question27
Select one answer.
10 points
In humans, the condition for normal blood clotting (H) is dominant to hemophilia (h). A male who has normal blood clotting mates with a woman who is a carrier. If they have a son, what is the probability that he will have this condition?
1.     0%
2.     75%
3.     100%
4.     50%
Question 28
Select one answer.
10 points
In humans females are
1.     XY
2.     XX
3.     YY
4.     none of these
Question 29

Select one answer.
10 points
In humans, the condition for normal blood clotting (H) is dominant to hemophilia (h). A male who has normal blood clotting mates with a woman who is a carrier. If they have a daugher, what is the probability that she will have this condition?
1.     75%
2.     50%
3.     100%
4.     0%
Question 30

Select one answer.
10 points
A single visible trait that results from more than one gene is called:
1.     genotypic
2.     phenotypic
3.     pleiotropic
4.     polygenic
Question 31

Select one answer.
10 points
An individual that expresses the recessive trait of a dominant/recessive gene
1.     must be homozygous
2.     must be heterozygous
3.     can be either homozygous or heterozygous
Question 32

Select one answer.
10 points
In humans tongue rolling (T) is dominant to non-rolling (t). Two heterozygous individuals have a child. What is the probability that their child will be able to roll its tongue?
1.     0%
2.     50%
3.     75%
4.     100%
Question 33

Select one answer.
10 points
Use the following information to answer the following four questions.
In dogs, colored fur (E) is dominant to un-colored fur (e). Black fur color (B) is dominant to brown fur color (b). The E gene is epistatic to the B gene. A yellow male dog is mated to a black female. The male’s parents were both brown dogs. The female’s mother was yellow, and her father was brown.
Q1 of 4: What is the genotype of the male dog in this example?
1.     eebb
2.     ee
3.     eeBb
4.     eeBB
Question 34

Select one answer.
10 points
Q2 of 4: What is the genotype of the female dog in this example?
1.     EEBB
2.     EEBb
3.     EeBB
4.     EeBb
Question 35

Select one answer.
10 points
Q3 of 4: What percentage of their puppies will be yellow?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
Question 36

Select one answer.
10 points
Q4 of 4: What percentage of the puppies will be homozygous for the B gene?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
Question 37

Select one answer.
10 points
This individual studied peas and is often considered the father of genetics.
1.     Carl Sagan
2.     Gregor Mendel
3.     James Watson
4.     Charles Darwin
Question 38

Select one answer.
10 points
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant disorder. A person with the disorder and a person without the disorder mate. Both of these individuals are homozygous. What is the chance that the offspring will develop Huntington’s?
1.     100%
2.     75%
3.     50%
4.     25%
Question 39

Select one answer.
10 points
Sex-linked disorders
1.     are always dominant
2.     are always recessive
3.     can be either dominant or recessive
4.     are neither dominant nor recessive
Question 40

Select one answer.
10 points
Hydrangeas are blue in acidic soil with available aluminum, and they are pink in alkaline soil without available aluminum, but they cannot be orange under any soil condition. The color of hydrangeas is affect by
1.     genetics only
2.     the environment only
3.     genetics and the environment
Question 41

Select one answer.
10 points
A haploid organism has how many copies of each chromosome?
1.     1
2.     2
3.     3
4.     4
Question 42

Select one answer.
10 points
How many copies of each gene does a diploid organism have?
1.     1
2.     2
3.     3
4.     4
Question 43

Select one answer.
10 points
Red (R) flower color is incompletely dominant to white (r) flower color. Which cross will produce 100% pink flowers?
1.     Pink x Pink
2.     Red x White
3.     White x White
4.     Red x Red
Question 44

Select one answer.
10 points
Genotypes provide information about: ______________.
1.     Proteins
2.     DNA
3.     Lipids
4.     Carbohydrates

 
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Dilution Package Series

Name: _________________ Section:___________

Please complete the following problems by filling in the missing boxes. Don’t forget units where needed.

2.

3.

4.

.

5. Complete the diagram to show how you would make a pond water dilution of 1:100,000

6.

7. Calculate the amount of CFU/ml in the original sample: (your answer should be in scientific notation and include units)

8.Calculate the amount of CFU/ml in the original sample: (your answer should be in scientific notation and include units)

9A. You have counted an average of 4 CFU from having counted 3 large squares using the Quebec colony counter. What is the amount of CFU on this plate?

9B. The dilution factor of the plate in question 9A was 1:56,000. What is the amount of CFU/ml in the original sample?

 
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Current issues in human health and medicine

Overview

The final project for this course is the creation of a paper. You will choose a health condition or lifestyle habit and identify the ways in which it can affect the systems covered in the course. The final product represents an authentic demonstration of competency because you must show you understand how different body systems work among and between one another to create general health conditions. The project is divided into three milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Three, Five, and Seven.

 

Objectives

To successfully complete this project, you will be expected to apply what you have learned in this course and should include several of the following course outcomes:

1. Make informed, intelligent decisions about your health and well-being

2. Discuss the highly connected pathways of all systems of the body

3. Critically analyze current issues in human health and medicine

 

Main Elements

You must address the outcomes in these ways:

 

1. Make informed and intelligent decisions about your health and well-being: Choose a health condition or lifestyle habit and research the ways in which it adversely affects the various systems of the body. You can choose obesity, cigarette smoking, or alcoholism. Or, feel free to select a different topic altogether. Be as detailed as possible when describing the effects it has on the body’s systems. What is happening at the cell and/or tissue level?

 

2. Discuss the connected pathways of the body’s systems: The body’s systems are interrelated in structure and function. Describe the specific relationships they have with one another as you explain why several systems can be affected by one condition or lifestyle habit.

3. Analyze current issues – Finally, find out what is being done to decrease the prevalence of this problem. Has there been any recent legislation implemented? Have any programs been established? Are there any promising research studies taking place?

Format

Milestone One: Outline

In 3-1 Project: Submit Outline of Final Project, you will submit an outline of your final project paper. The format should be an outline with main points and subheads, with enough information to show you have researched and are prepared to begin writing this comprehensive paper. The outline should be 1-2 pages long.

 

Milestone Two: Rough Draft

In 5-1 Project: Submit Rough Draft for Final Project, you will submit a rough draft of your final project paper. The final paper should be 4-6 pages in length, and it must include a cover sheet. Use at least 3 references and cite them, both in-text and at the end of your paper, using APA format.

 

Milestone Three: Final Paper

 
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Membrane Solubility

Name: ______________________________ _________________Date: ____________________

Lab 2b. Application: Lipid Solubility of Membranes

Adapted from Cell Biology Laboratory Manual – by Dr. William H. Heidcamp, Gustavus Adolphus College

Beet cells contain a high concentration of the red pigment anthocyanin. When exposed to a compound that dissolves the cell membranes, the anthocyanin will leak out of the cells and cause a red color to occur in the surrounding media. Alcohols, based on their chemical properties have the ability to enter into and disrupt the plasma membrane. In this lab you will measure the effectiveness of different types and concentrations of alcohols on their ability to penetrate and disrupt the plasma membrane.

 

Materials

· Fresh beets

· Solutions of the following alcohols:

· 22M Methanol

· 8.5M Ethanol

· 3.0M Propanol

· 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions of each alcohol above

· Razor blades

· Depression slides

· Stopwatch/timer

· Microscope

 

1. Cut thin slices of a beet so that they can be placed on a microscope depression slide and viewed with the lowest power (4X). When cutting the beet ensure that there are no ragged edges, that no piece has any of the outer skin on it, all of the pieces are the same size, and the pieces do not dry out. After making the cuts, rinse the beet pieces several times using a small amount of water. Immediately drain off the water. This will wash off any pigment released during the cutting process.

2. While watching the edge of the sliced beet, add 50ul of each of the alcohols below to the slide (only one at a time), until the beet section is submerged. Be careful not to allow the alcohol to flow off the slide.

3. Immediately begin to time the dissolution of the beet cell membranes. Mark the time when a red color is first observed in the surrounding alcohol solution.

4. Repeat the entire series for 1:2 and 1:4 dilutions of each of the alcohols (see quick reference for making a simple dilution).

5. Your challenge is to plot your data to express the effectiveness of each alcohol in penetrating and disrupting the membrane. Also use the data below to express how the properties of the alcohol, either the MW or the Partition coefficient (the relative solubility of the alcohol in hypdrophobic versus hydrophilic conditions).

 

 

Alcohol Formula Molecular Weight Partition coefficient
Methanol CHOH 32.04 0.01
Ethanol CHOH 46.07 0.03
n-Propanol CHOH 60.09 0.13

 

 

Collecting the data:

Alcohol Alcohol (time in seconds) 1:2 dilution (time in seconds) 1:4 dilution (time in seconds)
Methanol 14.5 30.6 90.9
Ethanol 8.8 25.4 50.8
n-Propanol 4.6 10.6 30.6

 

 

Post-lab Work: Complete your analysis, graph your results and answer the following questions after your lab time.

QUESTIONS

Adapted from Biology with Vernier: http://www2.vernier.com/sample_labs/BWV-08-COMPalcohol_biological_membranes.pdf accessed October 2015

 

1. Explain in your own words the purpose of this lab.

2. Why do we use beets in this study?

3. How (by what method) are we measuring the effects of alcohols on membranes?

4. Plot your data. You may use a program like Microsoft Excel or Googlesheetss, or you may draw your graph by hand. Be sure to accurately label your axes, units, and samples.

 

 

 

5.. Which alcohol seems to disrupt membranes most effectively? How did you come to this conclusion (be thorough in your explanation)?

 

6. At what dilution of alcohol is the cellular damage highest for methanol? ethanol? n-propanol? Is this what you expect. Why or why not?

 

7. The three alcohols have the following structures:

Liquid N Propanol Chemicals, Technical Grade, Rs 22 /kilogram ... File:Ethanol-structure.svg - Wikimedia CommonsEthanol Methanol n-Propanol

Methanol toxicity - Wikipedia

 

 

 

Which alcohol would you predict would disrupt the membrane most efficiently. Explain why (relate this to the structure and properties of the alcohols). Did the results match your predictions. Explain why or why not.

 

 

 

 

Micropipette quick reference:

 

Precautions

Never lay a pipette down while there is fluid in the tip. Hold it vertically.

Never turn the plunger button without first pressing the lateral catch.

Never turn the plunger button below or above the working range for the instrument.

 

Aspirating and Dispensing

Press the plunger button to the first stop. Dip the tip into the solution to a depth of 3 mm, and slowly release the plunger button. Wait 1-2 seconds and withdraw the tip from the liquid, touching it against the edge of the reservoir to remove excess liquid.

Dispense the liquid onto the walls of the receiving vessel by gently pressing the plunger button to the first stop and then press the operating button to the second stop. This action will empty the liquid from the tip. Remove the tip from the vessel, sliding it up the wall of the vessel. Eject the tip over a waste receptacle by pressing the plunger button to the third stop. Release the plunger button to the ready position.

 
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