solution

1. According to expectancy theory, what must occur for motivation to be high?

Multiple Choice

A. Goals should conflict with people’s personal values.

B. Expectancy must be high.

C. Instrumentalities must be low.

D. Goals should be unattainable.

E. Total valence of all outcomes must be low.

2. Jed, an operations manager, struggles with staffing the unpopular night shift, where all new employees are initially assigned. The turnover is high, morale is poor, and performance is dismal. Jed has tried positive reinforcement, offering rewards for punctuality and good work habits; this approach failed. He has also tried the extinction approach, also with little success. Finally, he punished wrongdoers, and that also failed to bring about any desired change. If Jed now tries negative reinforcement, what might be a proper approach?

Multiple Choice

A. Offer reassignment to the day shift for the best night-shift performers.

B. Reduce the pay of the worst night-shift performers.

C. Fire the worst night-shift performers.

D. Reassign the best day-shift performers to the night shift.

E. Offer additional night-shift work and overtime pay for the best night-shift performers.

3. As the on-site project manager, Brandon reprimanded the construction superintendent, “Gabe, I’m going to have to write you up for not properly securing yourself on that elevated work site. I’ve written up others, and the crew will be watching to see what I will do.” Gabe replied, “I’ve been up there dozens of times, and we’re on a tight schedule. There’s no time to fool with every safety procedure.” In writing up Gabe as he did other employees, Brandon was implementing

Multiple Choice

A. procedural justice.

B. expectancy.

C. extinction.

D. negative reinforcement.

E. empowerment.

4. A survey by Mental Health America found that a top contributor to employee dissatisfaction is

Multiple Choice

A. not being rewarded for daily contributions.

B. work that is too challenging.

C. inadequate training.

D. frequent overtime.

E. laissez-faire management.