Labor Relation

state officeholders        federal officeholders        municipal officeholders        private employees

National Labor Relations Board        Federal Mediation and Conciliation Board        Bureau of Labor Statistics        Federal Contract Compliance Programs

Landrum-Griffin        Norris-LaGuardia        Railways Labor        Taft-Hartley

If employees transfer frequently across plants or offices, their community of interest may be similar, leading the board to designate a multi-plant unit.        If employees in two or more different occupations worked under common supervision, a unit including only one of the occupations would probably be inappropriate.        Employees at a particular facility may have differences in job duties, but similar levels of skills and be considered as an appropriate group for organizing.        Differences in pay rates or benefits would not necessarily lead to a unit being found to be inappropriate.

the negotiation of the neutrality pledges        decertification elections        craft severance        unionization in the firm

When an industry is no longer concentrated        When there is decreased consumer attention to quality        When there is non-availability of labor        When there is a lack of substitute products

When an employer is a relatively small factor in a labor market        When there are a lot of employment opportunities in the market        When several employers hire the same type of labor simultaneously        When the rate of unemployment is low in the market

the private sector wage premium is higher today than it was in the 1970s.        public sector wage effects are smaller than those in the private sector.        nonunion workers are able to resist employers’ efforts to reduce wages better than unionized workers.        there remains big variation in the premium across workers.

minimize employee participation.        increase labor input for a given output.        reward only employees for productivity gains.        tie pay to company performance.

employees whose earnings are in the top quintile lose from unionization.        employees whose earnings are in the lowest quintile lose from unionization.        average earning of the nonunion worker in the first four quintiles is higher than the nonunion worker.        employees who are most advantaged in the labor market benefit the most.

High unemployment        Increasing inflation        High standard-of-living        Economic expansion

During periods of expansion        During periods of high unemployment        When wages have eroded        When inflation is high

Introduction of a new technology        Innovation in products or services        Changes in competitive products and services        Changing goals and objectives of new managers

all employees, regardless of wage scales, were to receive overtime.        all supervisors were reclassified as nonexempt.        any job that was paid on an hourly basis was classified as non-exempt.        jobs requiring primary manual work changed classifications.

State of the economy        Changing goals and objectives of new managers        Changes in competitive products and services        Changes in laws and regulations

internal security force        five needs theory        human relations approach        management by objectives approach