Epidemiology
Question 1
Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology?
To describe
the health status of the population
To fund new public health programs
To explain
the etiology of disease
To predict
the occurrence of disease
To control
the distribution of disease
Question 2
Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)?
Description of a single individual’s symptoms
Surveillance of a population
Treatment of a patient with diagnosed illness
A and C
Question 3
In the Yearly Mortality Bill for 1632, consumption referred to:
dysentery
tuberculosis
smallpox
edema
Question 4
Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to an epidemiologic approach)?
Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient
Description of seasonal trends in disease occurrence
Examination of disease occurrence among population groups
Demonstration of geographic variations in disease frequency
Question 5
Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect:
seasonal variations in cases of influenza.
the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.
long-term changes in mortality trends.
both A and B
Question 6
The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for (give the best answer):
tracking down unusual disease outbreaks in the United States and foreign countries.
collecting routine epidemiologic data for local health departments.
printing epidemiologic reports for members of the community.
reporting suspicious bioterrorism agents to governmental agencies
Question 7
John Snow, author of Snow on Cholera:
was the father of modern biostatistics.
established postulates for transmission of infectious disease.
was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments.
argued that the environment was associated with diseases such as malaria.
Question 8
Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by pasteurization of milk
Primary Prevention Active
Primary Prevention Passive
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Question 9
Using epidemiology for operational research involves:
study of community health services
study of risks to the individual
study of disease syndromes
study of disease symptoms
Question 10
Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence?
A residual disorder
A new epidemic disorder
A persistent disorder
A disappearing disorder
Question 11
Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by screening for breast cancer
Primary Prevention Active
Primary Prevention Passive
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Question 12
In 1900, the death rate per 100,000 members of the population for influenza and pneumonia (I & P) was 202.2; it was 22.4 in 2003. How much did the death rate due to I & P decline?
100%
1000%
90%
9000%
Question 13
Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by nutritional counseling for pregnant women
Primary Prevention Active
Primary Prevention Passive
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Question 14
Indicate the level of prevention that is represented by immunization against rubella
Primary Prevention Active
Primary Prevention Passive
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Question 15
The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by:
the mortality rate from that disease in the 0-4 age group.
a spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year.
the period prevalence for that disease during the past year.
the incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time.
Question 16
Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. If there were 4,000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 maternal deaths, what is the crude birth rate?
4,000/500,000 × 1,000
4,000/450,000 × 1,000
4,000/950,000 × 1,000
4,003/950,000 × 1,000
3,997/950,000 × 1,000
Question 17
An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:
Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month
12,000
Roller-skating injuries in Metroville
600
Total number of residents injured from roller-skating
1,800
Total number of deaths from roller-skating
90
Total number of deaths from all causes
900
The crude death rate for all causes was:
90/600 × 100,000
900/100,000 × 100,000
90/1,800 × 100,000
90/900 × 100,000
Question 18
Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, particularly for chronic disease. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?
This is a use primarily for incidence data.
This is a use primarily for prevalence data.
This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.
This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data.
Question 19
An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:
Number of skaters in Metroville during any given month
12,000
Roller-skating injuries in Metroville
600
Total number of residents injured from roller-skating
1,800
Total number of deaths from roller-skating
90
Total number of deaths from all causes
900
The proportional mortality ratio (%) due to roller-skating was:
90/600 × 100
90/100,000 × 100
90/1,800 × 100
90/900 × 100
Question 20
The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?
This is a use primarily for incidence data.
This is a use primarily for prevalence data.
This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.
This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data
Question 21
The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the prevalence shows no sex difference. The most likely explanation is that:
the mortality rate is greater in women.
the case fatality rate is greater in women.
the duration of the disease is greater in women.
women receive less adequate medical care for the disease
Question 22
To provide a direct estimate of the risk of developing a disease. Is this a use for incidence or prevalence data?
This is a use primarily for incidence data.
This is a use primarily for prevalence data.
This application could apply equally for both incidence and prevalence data.
This is a use for neither incidence data nor prevalence data.
Question 23
A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following?
Positive declaration
Negative declaration
Implicit question
Explicit question
Question 24
Age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences:
Rates for males are higher than rates for females from birth to age 85 and older.
Rates for females are higher than rates for males from birth to age 85 and older.
Rates for males are higher than rates for females from age 6 to age 85 and older.
Rates for males are equal to rates for females during the first 5 years of life.
Question 25
The use of GIS may be thought of as following the heritage of:
Hippocrates
Graunt
Snow
Koch
Semmelweis
Question 26
Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the breeder hypothesis for schizophrenia?
The conditions of life in lower-class society favor its development.
The conditions of life in upper-class society favor its development.
The illness leads to the clustering of psychosis in the impoverished areas of a city.
The illness is associated with increases in creative talents, which contribute to wealth-enhancing achievements.
Question 27
Lung cancer mortality among women is increasing faster than among men. What factor(s) would most likely account for this increased cancer rate?
Younger women are smoking more.
Older women are smoking more.
Women are smoking less.
Men are smoking more
Question 28
According to classic studies, age-standardized morbidity rates in the United States for acute conditions, chronic conditions, and disability due to acute conditions show the following sex differences:
Rates for males are higher than rates for females.
Rates for females are higher than rates for males.
Rates for males are equal to the rates for females.
Females have higher rates of hearing impairment than males.
Question 29
Studies of nativity and migration have reported that:
admission rates of foreign-born persons to mental hospitals were lower than for native-born persons
diseases found in less developed regions are no longer a problem in the United States
immunization programs in developing countries have been highly successful
some migrants have inadequate immunization status with respect to vaccine-preventable diseases
Question 30
Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the downward-drift hypothesis for schizophrenia?
The conditions of life in lower-class society favor its development.
The conditions of life in upper-class society favor its development.
The illness leads to the clustering of psychosis in the impoverished areas of a city.
The illness is associated with increases in creative talents, which contribute to wealth-enhancing achievements.
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