1. Consider the following excerpt from Board of Education of Independent School District #92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls, then select the best answer below:

The Student Activities Drug Testing Policy (Policy) adopted by the Tecumseh, Oklahoma, School District (School District) requires all middle and high school students to consent to urinalysis testing for drugs in order to participate in any extracurricular activity. In practice, the Policy has been applied only to competitive extracurricular activities sanctioned by the Oklahoma Secondary Schools Activities Association (OSSAA). Respondent high school students and their parents brought this 42 U. S. C. §1983 action for equitable relief, alleging that the Policy violates the Fourth Amendment. Applying Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U. S. 646, in which this Court upheld the suspicionless drug testing of school athletes….Because searches by public school officials implicate Fourth Amendment interests, see e.g., Vernonia,515 U. S., at 652, the Court must review the Policy for “reasonableness,” the touchstone of constitutionality. In contrast to the criminal context, a probable cause finding is unnecessary in the public school context because it would unduly interfere with maintenance of the swift and informal disciplinary procedures that are needed. In the public school context, a search may be reasonable when supported by “special needs” beyond the normal need for law enforcement. Because the “reasonableness” inquiry cannot disregard the schools’ custodial and tutelary responsibility for children, id., at 656, a finding of individualized suspicion may not be necessary.

1. The drug testing policy applies to all middle and high school students

who consent to urinalysis testing while participating in any

extracurricular activity.

1. The drug testing policy only applies to competitive extracurricular activities sanctioned by the Oklahoma Secondary Schools Activities

Association.

1. At the time of the suit, only students participating in competitive extracurricular activities had had to take a urinalysis test as specified by the drug testing policy.
2. All of the above