Lab 4: Enzymes

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Your Full Name:
UMUC Biology 102/103
Lab 4: Enzymes
INSTRUCTIONS:
· Complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in theCourse Schedule (under Syllabus).
· To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions.
· Save your Lab 4Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab4 (e.g., Smith_Lab4).
· You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file for best compatibility.

Pre-Lab Questions

1. How could you test to see if an enzyme was completely saturated during an experiment?

2. List three conditions that would alter the activity of an enzyme. Be specific with your explanation.

3. Take a look around your house and identify household products that work by means of an enzyme. Name the products, and indicate how you know they work with an enzyme.

Experiment 1: Enzymes In Food

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 1: Substance vs. Starch Presence

Substance

Resulting Color

Presence of Starch?

Positive Control: Starch

Negative Control: Student Must Select

Food Product:

Food Product:

Saliva:

Post-Lab Questions

1. What were your controls for this experiment? What did they demonstrate? Why was saliva included in this experiment?

2. What is the function of amylase? What does amylase do to starch?

3. Which of the foods that you tested contained amylase? Which did not? What experimental evidence supports your claim?

4. Saliva does not contain amylase until babies are two months old. How could this affect an infant’s digestive requirements?

5. There is another digestive enzyme (other than salivary amylase) that is secreted by the salivary glands. Research to determine what this enzyme is called. What substrate does it act on? Where in the body does it become activated, and why?

6. Digestive enzymes in the gut include proteases, which digest proteins. Why don’t these enzymes digest the stomach and small intestine, which are partially composed of protein?

Experiment 2: Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment

Table 2: Balloon Circumference vs. Temperature

Tube

Temperature (°C)

Balloon Circumference (Uninflated; cm)

Balloon Circumference (Inflated; cm)

1 – (Cold)

2 – (RT)

3 – (Hot)

Post-Lab Questions

1. What reaction is being catalyzed in this experiment?

2. What is the enzyme in this experiment? What is the substrate?

3. What is the independent variable in this experiment? What is the dependent variable?

4. How does the temperature affect enzyme function? Use evidence from your data to support your answer.

5. Draw a graph of balloon diameter vs. temperature. What is the correlation?

6. Is there a negative control in this experiment? If yes, identify the control. If no, suggest how you could revise the experiment to include a negative control.

7. In general, how would an increase in substrate alter enzyme activity? Draw a graph to illustrate this relationship.

8. Design an experiment to determine the optimal temperature for enzyme function, complete with controls. Where would you find the enzymes for this experiment? What substrate would you use?

 
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Micro Biology Lab Packet

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NAME: Section/Time:

Microbiology Lab Packet #2

Think of these lab packets as homework for the lab part of the class. They are designed to help prepare you for the departmental lab exams. To answer these questions you will need to use both the lab workbook as well as your text book. In addition to these questions, you will need to turn in the signed data sheets from your workbook.

19. Describe the molecular basis behind Gram staining. What part of the bacteria is stained with the primary stain, what part is stained with the counter stain? Why do we wash alcohol over the slide before the counter stain?

18. Describe in great detail the steps in performing a Gram stain. Include incubation times. Define primary stain and counter stain. In the Gram stain, what dye is primary stain, which is the counter stain?

 

Special Stains (Capsule Ex. 3.9, Endospore Ex. 3-10, Flagella Ex. 3.12)

21. What is the stain is shown in the picture below? What is stained green, what is stained red?

22. Describe in great detail the steps in performing an endospore stain. Include incubation times.

20. What does it mean to be Gram positive, Gram negative?

image1.jpg

23. Label the different flagellum arrangements seen below.

image2.jpg

24. Describe the negative staining technique and determine when it is used.

Colony Morphology Ex 2.2

25. We can learn some information about bacteria by just looking at its growth on an agar plate. What is a small isolated growth of bacteria on an agar plate called and what can it tell us about the bacteria?

Micro lab packet 2

Kirby-Bauer Method Ex 7.3

26. Describe in great detail the technique used to determine bacteria sensitivity to antibiotics?

27. What is the type of media used in the Kirby-Bauer test and why is it used?

Describe what is observed for a bacteria that is sensitive to antibiotics in a Kirby-Bauer test, and to a bacteria that is not sensitive to antibiotics.

28. How does the antibiotic get from the disk into the agar?

Does the agar have an antibiotic beyond the zone of inhibition?

29. Define the MIC and explain how it is used to determine if a bacteria is resistant or sensitive to the antibiotic.

Is the presence of a clear zone around the disc enough evidence to determine antibiotic resistance?

Micro lab packet 2

Disinfectants Ex 2.14

30. Compare your results with the class data.

Which germicide was most effective and at what concentration?

Which was the least effective? Defend your choices.

31. Which organism seemed to be most resistant to the germicides?

32. What purpose did the four controls serve? Be specific.

 

Include Completed Data sheets for:

1. Data Sheet 3-7 (pages 201-202) Sketch & id whether Gram + or Gram – and Questions 1-2

2. Data Sheet 3-9 (pages 213-214) Sketch capsuled stained bacteria; Questions 1 & 2

3. Data Sheet 3-10 (pages 219-220) Sketch Endospore Stained bacteria; Questions 1-4

4. Data Sheet 3-12 (pages 227-228) Sketch Flagella Stained bacteria; Questions 1 & 3

5. Data Sheet 2-14 (pages 139-140) Questions 1-3

6. Data Sheet 7-3 (pages 535-536) Questions 1-7

Gram Staining 3.7

 

 

33. What is the difference between disinfectants and antiseptics?

 
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Biology Research Paper

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BACKGROUND

During your study of biologr, you may have found a contro- versial topic you read about to be especially interesting. This assignment gives you an opportunity to apply what you’ve learned by doing some research in outside sources and increasing your knowledge of one controversial topic.

Procedure

Go to http: / /lessons.pennfoster.com I pdt I sp0754.pdf and read the instructions for research papers. Select a controversial topic from the following choices.

r Human stem cells

I Genetically modified foods

r Climate change

r Cloning

I Designer babies

Consult resources other than the course textbook and this study guide. Examples of resources include other textbooks, journal articles, and reputable websites. Reputable online sources include enryclopedias and universitSr or governmental websites. Prepare a detailed report on the topic, including the following elements:

1. Describe the basic issue of your chosen topic.

2. Describe the basic argument of opposing viewpoints.

3. Identiff the strengths and weaknesses of both views.

4. Choose which view you agree with. 5. Explain why you agree with that view.

Incorporate the information you learned about your chosen topic from this course, but don’t limit your discussion to the textbook and study guide. Take advantage of extemal resources to provide an in-depth, comprehensive report.

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Goal

This assignment is designed to help you apply what you’ve learned from your lessons by researching and writing about a controversial topic you’ve studied and to give you an oppor- tunity to demonstrate your written communication and research skills, as well as your critical thinking skills.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Writing Guidelines Tpe your submission, double-spaced, in a standard print font, size 12. Use a standard document format with l-inch margins. (Do not use any fancy or cursive fonts.)

Include the following information at the top of your paper:

a. Name and complete mailing address

b. Student number

c. Course title and number (lntroduction to Biologr, SCI 120)

d. Research project number (25088100)

Read the assignment carefully and address the topic suggested. Use proper citation in either APA or MLA style,

Be specific. Limit your submission to the topic suggested.

Include a reference page in APA style. On this page, list websites, journals, and all other references used in preparing the submission.

Proofread your work carefully. Check for correct spelling, grammar, punctuation, and capitalization.

Research Project

Grading Criteria

Your grade will be based on the following criteria:

Content 75 percent Written comrnrrnication 20 percent Format 5 percent Here’s a brief explanation of each of these points.

Gontent

The student

I Describes the basic issue of his or her chosen topic

r Describes the basic argument of opposing viewpoints

r Identifies strengtJrs and weaknesses of both the pro and the con views

t Chooses a view with which he or she agrees

r Explains why he or she agreed with the chosen view

Written Communication

The student

r Uses correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure

r Stays focused on the assignment

I Includes an introductory paragraph, a body with well- defined paragraphs, and a clear conclusion

I Uses his or her own words and uses quotations and citation in the form of a reference page correcfly

Format

The student includes a cover page with the following information.

r The title in capital letters

I Name and student number

I Current date

I Course title and number (Introduction to Biologr, SCI 120)

I Research project number (25088100)

Student uses standard 12-point font and l”-inch margins.

Submittlng Your ProJect

Follow this procedure to submit your project online:

1. Log on to the Penn Foster website and go to My Courses.

2. Click Take Exam next to the lesson you’re working on.

3. Attach your file as follows:

a. Click on the Browse box.

b. Locate the file you wish to attach.

c. Double*click on the file.

d. Click Upload Flle,

3. Enter your e-mail address in the box provided. (Note: This information is required for online submissions-)

4. If you wish to tell your instructor anything specific regarding this assignment, enter it in the Message box.

6. Click Submlt File.

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l!;ia;.4?.?t:,: Research Project

 

 
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Living organisms share a number of characteristics.

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Please answer the following multiple choice question. Note that there might be more than one answer correct.

1. Living organisms share a number of characteristics. These unifying characteristics separate them from non-living things. For each of the following statements, check the statements that correctly distinguish living things from non-living things?

1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.

2. Only living organisms are complex.

3. All living organisms reproduce by passing on specific genetic information to future generations.

4. Only living organisms are capable of movement.

5. Only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving.

6. Only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities.

7. Only living organisms produce heat as a byproduct of chemical reactions.

8. All living organisms are dependent on a constant supply of oxygen for survival.

9. Only living organisms respond to external stimuli.

10. All living organisms grow by increasing cell size and/or cell number.

2. The formulation of a hypothesis is based on observations and refined by available information from past observations or research. Place the following statements in the appropriate sequence showing the progression from an observation to a testable hypothesis.

1. You notice that the bread you left on the counter has more mold on it than do the rolls that you put in the refrigerator.You notice that the bread you left on the counter has more mold on it than do the rolls that you put in the refrigerator.

2. Does temperature affect the growth of mold or is the difference in mold growth related to differences between the bread and the rolls?Does temperature affect the growth of mold or is the difference in mold growth related to differences between the bread and the rolls?

3. Bread placed in warmer temperatures should develop mold faster and more extensively than bread placed in colder temperatures.

4. Colder temperatures impede the growth of mold.

3. Drag the part of the scientific method on the left to the example on the right it best matches. Then, drag the sentences into the sequence they would most likely happen following a simplified scientific method.

observation

peer review

hypothesis

data collection

analysis

1. John runs some statistics on his distances to see if he can find any significance in his study. Part: ____________

2. On a walk around a pond John sees that small frogs on the shore only allow him to get within 5 feet before jumping into the water. Part: ____________

3. John uses mechanical “predators” to approach frogs at a pond shore, and he records the distance between predator and frog as the frogs jump. Part:

4. John writes up and sends out his experimental results for other scientists to critique. Part: ____________

5. John thinks that frogs vary the proximity to which they allow predators to approach based on the size of the predator. Part: ____________

4. The four major groups of organic compounds are:

1. carbohydrates, lipids, steroids, and monosaccharides.

2. carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids.

3. fats, waxes, carbohydrates, and amino acids.

4. lipids, fats, waxes, and steroids.

5. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

5. Complete the following paragraph to describe the semiconservative replication of DNA.

parental

completed

complementary

nucleotides

template

three

next

map

semiconservative

shorter

phosphates

two

1. DNA replication is achieved by a process called ____________ replication.

2. After the DNA double helix unwinds, each old strand serves as a ____________ for the formation of a new strand.

3. Complementary ____________ will base pair with those of the old strand.

4. After all new nucleotides are added, the old and new strand will form a ____________ strand of DNA.

5. After replication is complete there are ____________ daughter DNA double helices.

6. Each daughter double helix has the same sequence of base pairs as the ____________ double helix had before replication began.

6. Complete the following paragraph to describe the four main observations that make up Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

population

predation

differential reproductive success

biological evolution

competition

adaptations

heritable

modifications

1. Individual organisms within a(n) ____________ exhibit variation. That variation is ____________ and can be passed on from generation to generation.

2. These organisms undergo ____________ for a limited number of available natural resources.

3. These organisms exhibit ____________ , meaning some have traits that better enable them to survive long enough to reproduce.

4. Those that do survive to reproduce pass on their ____________ traits to their offspring.

5. Over time, natural selection enables organisms to develop ____________ to their environment.

 
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