2420-Lab 3- Bacterial Staining Techniques-II-(Differential)

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2420-Lab 3- Bacterial Staining Techniques-II-(Differential)

Directions:

Answer following questions after reading the information and watching the video from the link below. Use color RED or BLUE for your answers. Submit the completed document on eCampus for grading. Refer to divulge

· the textbook chapter 3 (3.2) (Nester- McGraw Hill)

· Link: Bacterial Staining Techniques-II, Virtual Edge Experiment-4

Differential Staining

1. What is differential staining?

Differential staining is the process of staining that involves the use of a single stain. This allows for efficient differentiation of structures/cellular components, and microorganisms of a single organism.

Gram Staining (4A on Virtual Edge)

Watch the video of Gram Staining from the textbook chapter 3- review 3.2 (pages 53-54), 3.5 (pages 65-67– cell wall of prokaryotic cells) and answer the following questions.

2. What is the purpose of Gram staining?

Gram staining allows for the determination of chemical composition of bacterium cell walls.

3. Who invented the Gram staining procedure?

Hans Christian Gram

4. What is the first stain used in Gram staining procedure?

The basic dye crystal violet (primary stain)

5. Do all cells pick up this stain?

Bacteria cell walls pick up the primary stain (crystal violet).

6. What is the function of a mordant?

A mordant chemically alters the shape of the dye molecule. This allows for the intensification of the stains in the cells/tissue preparations.

7. Which mordant is used in the Gram staining procedure?

Iodine

8. What would be the result if the mordant is forgotten from the procedure?

The crystal violet molecules will not form a complex the reaction will be red.

9. What is alcohol used for?

The alcohol is a lipid solvent used to dissolve the gram’s-negative cell wall outer membrane. Alcohol acts as the decolorizing agent.

10. Why is decolorization necessary?

Allows for the differentiation of the gram-positive bacteria from the gram-negative bacteria

11. What is a counterstain?

This is a stain with contrasting color to the principal stain. This increases visibility under the microscope.

12. Which counterstain is used in Gram staining?

Safranin

13. What are cells called that retain the primary stain?

Gram positive

14. What are cells called that lose the primary stain?

Gram negative

15. What are cells called that take up the counterstain?

Gram positive and gram negative

16. What type of cells do not take up the counterstain?

Gram positive

17. After the Gram staining procedure, Gram positive bacterial cells appear ___purple_______ colored.

18. After the Gram staining procedure, Gram negative bacterial cells appear _____red_______ colored.

19. Which component of the cell wall in Gram positive bacteria is responsible for the retention of the primary stain?

Peptidoglycan

20. Which component of the cell wall in Gram negative bacteria is responsible for the retention of the counterstain?

Peptidoglycan

21. What would be the color of Gram negative bacterial cells if the decolorization step is forgotten? Explain.

The color would remain purple. This will be regarded as a false positive result.

22. Which bacteria were used in this experiment and what were their shapes? (From the textbook, review 3.3- Morphology of prokaryotic cells)

Spherical in shape. The cells used were prokaryotic cells.

23. From what you have learned from the textbook, if a patient has E. coli infection which are Gram negative bacteria, would you advise them to take a course of Penicillin? Why or Why not?- Explain

No, it is not advisable for the patient to take penicillin. This is because E. coli is resistant to beta lactams like penicillin and other non-beta lactams.

24. Following picture shows the Gram staining result. Point out (or describe) Gram positive and Gram negative cells from the picture. Be sure to specify morphology:

The gram positive cells are the violet/purple looking cells under the microscope. The gram positive cells appear purple because the bacteria will retain the primary stain i.e. crystal violet. The gram negative bacteria will appear pink under the microscope.

Gram stain - Wikipedia

Acid-fast Staining- (4B on Virtual Edge):

Read the text from the following to help answering the following questions.

· link Acid-fast Staining,

· textbook chapter 3- section 3.2

25. List two genera of bacteria that are stained for identification by using Acid-fast staining method.

Nocardia species, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex

26. Which fatty acid is found in the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria?

Mycolic acids

27. Which primary stain is used in the acid-fast staining procedure?

carbol fuchsin

28. Why is steaming necessary at this step?

Steaming loosens up the waxy layer hence promoting entrance of the primary stain in the cell.

29. Which counterstain is used in the acid-fast staining procedure?

Methylene blue

30. Why is acid-alcohol used to decolorize in the acid-fast staining process instead of regular ethanol?

Acid-alcohol acts as the decolorizing agent because the acid-fast cells are resistant to decolorization because the primary statin is soluble in the cellular waxes as compared to the decolorizing agent.

31. Which two types of bacteria were used in this experiment?

Nocardia species, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex

32. Which of the above two types of bacteria were acid-fast? (or retained the primary stain?)

Mycobacterium retains the primary pink stain.

33. From the picture below, point out the acid-fast cells:

The red cells in the image s

Acid Fast Staining Flashcards | Quizlet

34. If you are working in a clinical diagnostic laboratory, which of the above staining methods would you use to predict the cause of infection under following conditions?

a. Tuberculosis

Sputum smear microscopy

b. Strep throat

Gram staining

 
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Sustainable Home Creation

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Sustainable Home Creation

Name:

This worksheet is to show how you will create a more sustainable home. The key is to defend your choices with facts and citing your sources, you do not need to choose a single family home. Cite sources!

  Current Future Improvements
Described your indoor living space (i.e., square feet)  

 

  
Describe the location of your home and why it would be the best for you. Make sure to address: climate, geography, rural/urban/or suburban.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
3 materials in your home and how they can be more sustainable. 1)

2)

3)

 1)

 

2)

 

3)

 
Energy use What are 3 things that use the most energy in your home?

1)

2)

3)

 How can you decrease your energy consumption?

1)

 

 

2)

 

 

 

3)

 
Water use What are 3 things that use the most water in your home?

1)

2)

3)

 How can you decrease your water consumption?

1)

 

 

2)

 

 

 

3)

 

 

 

References use (you should have at least 3)

 

 

 

Resources to help get you started:

1) Read the weekly reading in the textbook

2) Id climate based on state then closest city:

https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/united-states/us

3) Learn more about sustainable materials:

https://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/construction/green/10-cutting-edge-building-materials.htm

© 2018. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.

 
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A+ Answers Biology

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The Merrell drug company that tried to bring thalidomide to the United States also marketed a cholesterol inhibitor with serious side effects for 5,000 people. Two Merrell employees were fined $80,000 and the company made an $18 million profit. What had the company done wrong?
A. Substituted the results for a tested drug for an untested drug
B. Forged signatures on test reports
C. Failed to disclose that the drug caused blindness in lab animals
D. Testified that testing had been done when it had not
Question 2
A criticism of the caveat emptor doctrine is:
A. too much government regulation.
B. reduced profit for businesses.
C. it hurts consumers by raising prices.
D. latent defects.
Question 3
Some of the worst con artists practice their craft based on meteorological events. These are known as ________ con artists.
A. event
B. disaster
C. weather
D. special occasion
Question 4
The term laissez faire refers to the concept that:
A. governments should not interfere with free markets.
B. consumers should be protected from fraud artists.
C. buyers should be aware of offers that sound too good to be true.
D. marketers should be fair to consumers.
Question 5
The following companies have all been accused of fraud involving car problems and possible solutions EXCEPT:
A. Ford.
B. Kmart.
C. Goodyear.
D. Firestone.
Question 6
The telemarketing scam which relies on use of a certain area code to make money just from phone calls is _____ calls.
A. 777
B. 900
C. 666
D. 888

Question 7
The Food and Drug Administration has cited evidence that nicotine is an addictive drug 5 to 10 times more potent than:
A. cocaine.
B. crack.
C. heroin.
D. marijuana.
Question 8
Telemarketers target all of the following groups EXCEPT:
A. family members of AIDS victims.
B. the bereaved.
C. those worried about dependence on foreign oil.
D. college students living away from home for the first time.
Question 9
Ford decided that repairs would not be cost effective, based on a comparison of total repair costs for all Pintos and:
A. statistical likelihood of plaintiffs winning lawsuits.
B. profit margin for the Pinto automobile.
C. total of Pinto projected sales.
D. total of average lawsuit settlements for serious burn injuries and burn deaths.
Question 10
Tobacco companies have used specific marketing campaigns with flavored cigarettes, new packages, and posters at fast food restaurants to target:
A. Hispanics.
B. African Americans.
C. women.
D. teenagers.
Question 11
A boiler room might be characterized by:
A. telephones.
B. well-dressed salesmen.
C. support personnel.
D. fancy furniture.
Question 12
In 1999, Susan Collins described the predatory practices of sweepstakes companies as “increasingly deceptive and increasingly aggressive.” She made these remarks:
A. as chairman of a Senate committee.
B. during a television news magazine segment.
C. in testimony before a Congressional committee.
D. in a nationally syndicated newspaper column.

Question 13
Despite inadequate testing, H.R. Robins marketed __________, which caused death, birth defects, miscarriages, and blindness in infants.
A. the intrauterine birth control device
B. the diaphragm
C. birth control pills
D. the birth control patch
Question 14
Fen-phen, Bendectin, and thalidomide were all approved by the FDA and prescribed to patients. Which one of these drugs is alleged to cause valvular heart disease?
A. Thalidomide
B. Bendectin and thalidomide
C. Bendectin
D. Fen-phen
Question 15
American Family Publishers used all of the following techniques to trick entrants EXCEPT:
A. free merchandise.
B. small print.
C. YOU’RE OUR NEWEST $12 MILLION WINNER.
D. backgrounds that made print difficult to read.
Question 16
A practice known as dumping involves:
A. disposal of hazardous materials in unapproved sites.
B. selling dangerous products in foreign countries after a domestic ban.
C. donating unsafe products to charities for a tax deduction.
D. selling products to discount outlets when defects are discovered.
Question 17
Five to 10% of all minutes logged on the telephone time scams are concentrated in:
A. psychic hotlines.
B. music sales.
C. work-at-home offers.
D. sex lines.
Question 18
Pursuant to an agreement, American Family Publishers agreed to eliminate which slogan from its advertising:
A. “Win! Win! Win!”
B. No Purchase Necessary
C. “Millions in Prizes!”
D. “You’re Our Next Winner!”
Question 19
The number one consumer complaint concerning fraud involves:
A. refinance loans.
B. home improvement.
C. auto repair.
D. telemarketing.
Question 20
__________ of the most dangerous problems that led to recalls of children’s products were never voluntarily reported to the government.
A. 75%
B. 60%
C. 50%
D. 25%

 
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Chapter 6: DNA, The Molecule of Life

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Name:       Sec:

 

Chapter 6: DNA, The Molecule of Life

 

Module 6.1. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.

1. The molecule of heredity is      .

2. Which of the following is used to construct DNA?

A) |_| chromosomes

B) |_| nucleotides

C) |_| double helix

D) |_| carbohydrates

 

3. Create double stranded DNA, by filling in the complementary bases:

A

T

T

G

A

C

4. Match the following terms with their appropriate descriptions: double helix, nucleic acid, nucleotide, backbone.

A) Molecules that contain information to make proteins

B) Consists of a base, five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate

C) Structure of a double-stranded molecule of DNA

D) Identical among all DNA molecules

 

 

5. Complete the following diagram of a nucleotide with the terms: phosphate group, sugar group, base group:

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6. Overall, a molecule of DNA has a negative charge. Which component of DNA gives it this charge?

 

7. A gene is a specific section of DNA that contains the instructions to make a protein. If all molecules of DNA contain a phosphate group, a deoxyribose, and a base, propose an explanation for how the information to make a protein is coded within the DNA molecule.

 

8. If thymine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percentage of the bases is guanine?

A) |_| 80%

B) |_| 60%

C) |_| 30%

D) |_| 20%

 

 

Module 6.2. During DNA replication, a cell duplicates its chromosomes.

9. If one polynucleotide strand of DNA has ACTTGACTAGCTA as its sequence of bases, what would be the sequence of bases on the opposing strand?

 

10. True or False; If false, make a true statement: DNA must be precisely copied prior to being passed on to the next generation

 

11. The process by which a molecule of DNA is copied is known as      .

 

 

12. Complete the following diagram, which illustrates the nature of DNA replication. Use the following terms: parent double-stranded DNA, daughter double-stranded DNA, template strands, newly synthesized strands. Note some terms may be used more than once.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13. The following diagram uses colors to illustrate the replication of a chromosome. Use your knowledge of DNA replication to determine whether or not the illustration is accurate. If it is not accurate, briefly explain how to make it correct.

UN_06_004

 

14. Place the following steps of DNA replication in the proper order: DNA fragments are fused together; double helix is pulled apart; new strands of DNA are synthesized.

1.

2.

3.

 

15. A drug that inhibits DNA ligase but not DNA polymerase is added to a cell. Explain how DNA replication would be affected as a result of this drug.

 

Module 6.3. DNA directs the production of proteins via RNA.

16. True or False; if false make a true statement: Nucleic acids store the information to make carbohydrates.

 

17. Two types of nucleic acids that are found in all cells are       and      .

 

18. Which of the following is found in all nucleotides?

A) |_| Phosphate group

B) |_| Ribose

C) |_| Deoxyribose

D) |_| Uracil

 

 

19. Is the following diagram a nucleotide of DNA, RNA, or could it be either one? Briefly explain your answer.

 

20. Complete the following table, which compares and contrasts the structures of DNA and RNA.

  DNA RNA
Unique to…

Common both DNA and RNA

 

21. Certain viruses, like HIV, actually contain RNA. When a virus of this type takes over a host cell, it makes DNA from its RNA. The viral DNA is then used to make an RNA copy, which is used to make viral proteins. In all cells, the flow of genetic information is from DNA RNA proteins. What is the flow of information in viruses (which are not considered cells) like HIV?

 

 

22. You are a biochemist and have been given a test tube containing a small amount of nucleic acid. You have been asked to determine whether it is DNA or RNA. Which of the following would be a characteristic that indicates RNA? Hint: There may be more than one correct answer.

A) |_| Presence of uracil, but no thymine

B) |_| Presence of guanine, but no cytosine

C) |_| Presence of phosphate, but no nitrogen

D) |_| Presence of ribose, but no deoxyribose

 

Module 6.4. Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

23. True or False; If false, make a true statement: The nucleotide sequence in DNA through the process of information flow comes to produce your characteristics.

 

24. Correct the following: RNA protein DNA

     

 

25. Complete the following diagram, which represents the flow of genetic information in a cell. Use the terms: transcription, translation, DNA, RNA, protein, ribosome, nucleus, cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, nuclear pore. Note that “D” is on the structure behind the arrow, and “E” is on the arrow.

UN_06_007

 

J

I

 

 

G

 

 

 

H

F

E

D

C

B

A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.       f.

b.       g.

c.       h.

d.       i.

e.       j.

 

26. Translation converts the information stored in       into      .

A) |_| DNA; RNA

B) |_| RNA; a protein

C) |_| protein; DNA

D) |_| protein; RNA

 

 

27. Briefly explain why you think “mRNA” is a good name for the RNA copy made from DNA.

 

28. Complete the following table, which compares transcription and translation.

  Transcription Translation
Location

Description

 

29. If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in which of the following?

A) |_| Single RNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG

B) |_| DNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG

C) |_| Single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

D) |_| DNA strand with the sequence AAGCTC

 

30. A series of three nucleotides that specifies an amino acid is a(n)      .

 

31. A student is given a sequence of DNA as follows: AACTAGCTAGCT, and is asked to provide the mRNA copy that would be made from that sequence during transcription. The student provides the following sequence: TTGATCGATCGA. Is this the correct sequence? If not, explain why it is incorrect and fix it.

 

Module 6.5. Transcription creates a molecule of RNA from a molecule of DNA

 

32.       is the process by which information stored in DNA is copied into mRNA.

 

33. List the following steps of transcription in order: RNA polymerase makes RNA; mRNA leaves the nucleus; RNA polymerase binds the promoter; RNA splicing.

1.

2.

3.

4.

 

34. Complete the following diagram, which illustrates the process of transcription. Use the terms: DNA polymerase, promotor, DNA

UN_06_008

C

B

A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a. 

b. 

c. 

 

35. The template strand is the DNA strand directly used by the RNA polymerase to make the RNA copy. You are given the following mRNA sequence: AUGCUGAUU. Are you able to determine the sequence of bases on the DNA strand that was not transcribed? Briefly explain your answer either way. (Note: DNA is double stranded. During replication it is unwound and only one strand serves as the template strand. You are being asked if you can determine the sequence of the non-template strand).

 

36. A gene has a sequence of DNA in front of it that directs the RNA polymerase where to begin transcription. This sequence of DNA is the:

A) |_|transcription

B) |_|promoter

C) |_|terminator

D) |_|RNA splicing

 

 

37. You are a graduate student at the University of Iowa and working as a teaching assistant for a freshman introductory biology course. Two of your students have come to you with a question about the sequence of an mRNA transcribed from a gene. The original DNA sequence from which the mRNA was transcribed reads: TGACGATCGTA. The students were asked to provide the sequence of bases in the mRNA and came up with the following mRNA sequence: ACTGCTAGCAT. They are confused because their answer does not match the answer in the book. Briefly explain the very common mistake they made and what the correct sequence would be.

 

38. True or False; If false, make a true statement: The terminator is the sequence of DNA in front of the gene that tells the RNA polymerase where to begin transcription.

 

39. List three ways in which mRNA is modified after transcription:

1.

2.

3.

 

40. Are introns and exons found in DNA or RNA?

 

Module 6.6. Translation involves the coordination of three kinds of RNA.

 

41. True or False; If false, make a true statement: The process of translation occurs within the cytoplasm on a cellular structure known as the mitochondrion.

 

 

42. Which of the following RNA molecules is a component of ribosomes?

A) |_| mRNA

B) |_| rRNA

C) |_| tRNA

D) |_| All of the above

 

43. A set of three nucleotides that specifies an amino acid is called a(n)      .

 

 

44. Which of the following RNA molecules is involved in the process of translation?

A) |_| mRNA

B) |_| rRNA

C) |_| tRNA

D) |_| All of the above

 

45. Complete the following diagram, which illustrates a ribosome:

UN_06_010

 

 

 

 

 

46. Complete the following table, which compares the different kinds of RNA.

  mRNA rRNA tRNA
Function

 

47. Briefly explain why a molecule of tRNA makes a good translator during the process of translation. Be sure to use the terms codon, anticodon, amino acid.

     

 

 

48. According to the table of the genetic code shown here, changing the second base of the codon

A) |_| always changes the amino acid that is encoded.

B) |_| never changes the amino acid that is encoded.

C) |_| sometimes changes the amino acid that is encoded.

D) |_| changes all of the above as noted.

 

49. What codon does every mRNA molecule have in common? What amino acid begins every polypeptide? Use the chart below:

UN_06_011

 

 

50. Match the description to the molecule(s). Each choice should be used only once.

A. DNA

B. mRNA

C. tRNA

D. More than one of the above.

E. None of the above.

A molecule of this will always have an equal percentage of A and G, and an equal percentage of C and T

Has an anticodon and carries an amino acid

Serves as a messenger for taking genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Is involved in the process of translation

Is a component of ribosomes

 

51. How many codons are in the following mRNA sequence:

AUGGGGCAGGUAUGA

52. Use the information from question 49 to determine how many amino acids would be in the polypeptide produced from that mRNA.

 

Module 6.7. Translation creates a molecule of protein via the genetic code

 

53. True or False; If false, make a true statement: Ribosomes are part of the cytoplasm.

 

54. Place the following steps of translation in order: elongation, termination, initiation.

1.

2.

3.

 

55. Translation takes place in the ______ on a _________.

A) |_| nucleus; ribosome

B) |_| cytoplasm; ribosome

C) |_| nucleus; mitochondria

D) |_|cytoplasm; lysosome

 

56. A drug that changes the AUG codon to UAC would most likely have what effect on translation? Be brief but specific in your answer.

 

57. If three DNA bases of the template strand are AGT, what is the anticodon of the tRNA that brings the amino acid?

A) |_| UCA

B) |_| TCU

C) |_| AGU

D) |_| TCA

 

58. Complete the following table, which compares the different stages of translation.

  Initiation Elongation Termination
Description

 
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