Virtual Lab: DNA and Genes

September 14, 2022/in Uncategorized /by admin

Virtual Lab: DNA and Genes

Worksheet

1. Please make sure you have read through all of the information in the “Questions” and “Mutation Guide”. If you come upon terms that are unfamiliar to you, please refer to your textbook for further explanation or search the word here: http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx

2. When you are ready, please close out the “Mutation Guide” and click the “Mutate” button that appears on the new page to begin the activity.

3. You will see the following:

· an “Original sequence” of mRNA that has been translated properly into its corresponding amino acid sequence

· a “Mutated sequence” that is blank

· a “Mutation Rules” block of information

4. Your task is to read the information in the “Mutation Rules” area and then apply the information to completing the “Mutated sequence” of mRNA and protein. To do this, you must:

· read the “Mutation Rule”

· look at the “Original sequence” of mRNA given

· determine the “Mutated sequence” of mRNA bases after applying the information presented in the “Mutation Rule”

· determine the “Mutated sequence” of protein (amino acids) translated from the mRNA sequence you just created using the “Genetic Code Chart”

5. Please complete this information in the area below BEFORE actually completing the virtual activity; you can then refer to it to help make the correct selections at each step. Remember to use the “Genetic Code Chart” to determine the protein sequence:

“Mutation Rule” states: ___________________________________________

Original Sequence:

mRNA

Protein

Mutated Sequence:

mRNA

Protein

6. Once you have filled in the information above, drag the correct nucleotides

to their position in the “Mutated sequence” of mRNA. Then drag the corresponding amino acids into place in the “Mutated sequence” of protein. When you are finished, click “Check”. A message will appear in the open box at the bottom of the page indicating whether your answer needs to be corrected. You may repeat this entire activity by clicking “Mutate”.

7. Please finish this exercise by opening the “Journal” link at the bottom of the page and answering the questions.

Post-laboratory Questions:

1. A mutation:

a. Results in a change in DNA sequence

b. Can result in abnormal encoding of protein sequences

c. Is always detrimental

d. A and B

e. All of the above

2. During the process of transcription:

a. DNA is turned into protein

b. mRNA is turned into protein

c. DNA is turned into mRNA

3. The building blocks of proteins are:

a. Amino acids

b. Nucleic acids

c. Polysaccharides

d. Fatty acids

4. Mutations:

a. Occur roughly 1 in 100 nucleotides

b. Occur roughly 1 in 1,000 nucleotides

c. Occur roughly 1 in 10,000 nucleotides

d. Never occur

e. None of the above

5. In a protein:

a. A single nucleotide change can alter the encoded protein and cause disease

b. 2 or more amino acids are linked together

c. Mutations always alter the encoded protein structure and function

d. A and B

e. All of the above

6. Silent mutations:

a. Are a type of point mutation

b. Code for the same amino acid as intended by the original sequence

c. Always affect protein structure and function

d. A and B

e. All of the above

7. A frameshift mutation:

a. Involves the addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides

b. Results in a new codon sequence

c. Results in a new amino acid sequence

d. All of the above

8. A stop codon is:

a. AUG

b. UAC

c. UAG

d. UGG

9. The codon “CUG” specifies which amino acid?

a. Serine (Ser)

b. Tyr (Tyrosine)

c. Leu (Leucine)

d. Glu (Glutamic Acid)

10. If the DNA sequence “AUGGGACCUCCU” was changed to “AUGGGAAACCUCCU” this would result in:

a. A point mutation

b. A silent mutation

c. A frameshift mutation

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Lab 5: Meiosis INSTRUCTIONS: And 3425

September 14, 2022/in Uncategorized /by admin

lab biology questions
BiolLab_5.docx
BiolLab_5.docx

Your Full Name:

102/103
Lab 5: Meiosis
INSTRUCTIONS:

and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course
Schedule (under Syllabus).

To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under
Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment
carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions.

Save your Lab 5 Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab5 (e.g.,
Smith_Lab5).

You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format
(.rtf) file for best compatibility.

Pre-Lab Questions
1. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.

2. What major event occurs during interphase?

Experiment 1: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement
through Meiosis
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
Trial 1 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram:
Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase I

Cytokinesis

Trial 2 – Meiotic Division Beads Diagram:
Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase I

Cytokinesis

Post-Lab Questions
1. What is the ploidy of the DNA at the end of meiosis I? What about at the end of meiosis

II?

2. How are meiosis I and meiosis II different?

3. Why do you use non-sister chromatids to demonstrate crossing over?

4. What combinations of alleles could result from a crossover between BD and bd

chromosomes?

5. How many chromosomes were present when meiosis I started?

6. How many nuclei are present at the end of meiosis II? How many chromosomes are in

each?

7. Identify two ways that meiosis contributes to genetic recombination.

8. Why is it necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes, but not in other

cells?

9. Blue whales have 44 chromosomes in every cell. Determine how many chromosomes

you would expect to find in the following:

a.i.

Sperm Cell:

a.ii.

Egg Cell:

a.iii.

Daughter Cell from Mitosis:

a.iv.

Daughter Cell from Meiosis II:

10. Research and find a disease that is caused by chromosomal mutations. When does the

mutation occur? What chromosomes are affected? What are the consequences?

11. Diagram what would happen if sexual reproduction took place for four generations using

diploid (2n) cells.

Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Post-Lab Questions
1. Record your hypothesis from Step 1 in the Procedure section here.

2. What do your results indicate about cell cycle control?

3. Suppose a person developed a mutation in a somatic cell which diminishes the

performance of the body’s natural cell cycle control proteins. This mutation resulted in
© eScience Labs, LLC 2014

cancer, but was effectively treated with a cocktail of cancer-fighting techniques. Is it possible
for this person’s future children to inherit this cancer-causing mutation? Be specific when
you explain why or why not.

4. Why do cells which lack cell cycle control exhibit karyotypes which look physically

different than cells with normal cell cycle.

5. What are HeLa cells? Why are HeLa cells appropriate for this experiment?

Experiment 1:
Following
Chromosomal DNA
Movement through
Meiosis
In this experiment, you
will model the movement
of the chromosomes
through meiosis I and II to
create gametes.

Materials

2 Sets of Different Colored Pop-it® Beads (32 of e
may be any color)
8 5-Holed Pop-it® Beads (used as centromeres)
Procedure:
Part 1: Modeling Meiosis
without Crossing Over
As prophase I begins, the
replicated chromosomes
coil and condense…
1.

Build a pair of
replicated,
homologous
chromosomes. 10
beads should be
used to create each
individual sister
chromatid (20
beads per
chromosome pair).
Two five-holed
beads represent
each centromere.
To do this…

Figure 3: Bead set-up. The blue beads
represent one pair of sister chromatids
and the black beads represent a second
pair of sister chromatids. The black and
blue pair are homologous.
a.

Start with
20 beads of
the same
color to
create your
first sister
chromatid
pair. Five
beads must
be snapped
together for
each of the
four
different
strands.
Two
strands
create the
first
chromatid,
and two
strands
create the
second
chromatid
with a 5holed bead
at the
center of
each
chromatid.
This creates
an “I”
© eScience Labs, LLC 2014

shape.
b.

Connect the
“I” shaped
sister
chromatids
by the 5holed beads
to create
an “X”
shape.

c.

Repeat this
process
using 20
new beads
(of a
different
color) to
create the
second
sister
chromatid
pair.

2.

Assemble a second
pair of replicated
sister chromatids;
this time using 12
beads, instead of
20, per pair (six
beads per each
complete sister
chromatid strand).

3.

Pair up the
homologous
chromosome pairs
created in Step 1
and 2. DO NOT
SIMULATE
© eScience Labs, LLC 2014

CROSSING
OVER IN THIS
TRIAL. You will
simulate crossing
over in Part 2.
4.

Configure the
chromosomes as
they would appear
in each of the
stages of meiotic
division (prophase
I and II, metaphase
I and II, anaphase I
and II, telophase I
and II, and
cytokinesis).

5.

Diagram the
corresponding
images for each
stage in the
sections titled
“Trial 1 – Meiotic
Division Beads
Diagram”. Be sure
to indicate the
number of
chromosomes
present in each cell
for each phase.

Figure 4: Second set of replicated
chromosomes.
6.

Disassemble the
beads used in Part
1. You will need to
recycle these beads
for a second
meiosis trial in
Steps 8 – 13.

Part 1 – Meiotic Division
Beads Diagram
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II

Telophase II
Cytokinesis
Part 2: Modeling Meiosis
with Crossing Over
7.

Build a pair of
replicated,
homologous
chromosomes. 10
beads should be
used to create each
individual sister
chromatid (20
beads per
chromosome pair).
Two five-holed
beads represent
each centromere.
To do this…
a.

Start with
20 beads of
the same
color to
create your
first sister
chromatid
pair. Five
beads must
be snapped
together for
each of the
four
different
strands.
Two

strands
create the
first
chromatid,
and two
strands
create the
second
chromatid
with a 5holed bead
at the
center of
each
chromatid.
This creates
an “I”
shape.
b.

Connect the
“I” shaped
sister
chromatids
by the 5holed beads
to create
an “X”
shape.

c.

Repeat this
process
using 20
new beads
(of a
different
color) to
create the
second
sister
chromatid
© eScience Labs, LLC 2014

pair.
8.

Assemble a second
pair of replicated
sister chromatids;
this time using 12
beads, instead of
20, per pair (six
beads per each
complete sister
chromatid strand).
Snap each of the
four pieces into a
new five-holed
bead to complete
the set up.

9.

Pair up the
homologous
chromosomes
created in Step 8
and 9.

10.

SIMULATE
CROSSING
OVER. To do this,
bring the two
homologous pairs
of sister
chromatids
together (creating
the chiasma) and
exchange an equal
number of beads
between the two.
This will result in
chromatids of the
same original
length, there will
now be new

combinations of
chromatid colors.
11.

Configure the
chromosomes as
they would appear
in each of the
stages of meiotic
division (prophase
I and II, metaphase
I and II, anaphase I
and II, telophase I
and II, and
cytokinesis).

12.

Diagram the
corresponding
images for each
stage in the section
titled “Trial 2 Meiotic Division
Beads Diagram”.
Be sure to indicate
the number of
chromosomes
present in each cell
for each phase.
Also, indicate how
the crossing over
affected the genetic
content in the
gametes from Part1
versus Part 2.

Part 2 – Meiotic Division
Beads Diagram:
Prophase I
Metaphase I

Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesi

Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Some environmental factors can cause genetic mutations which result in a
lack of proper cell cycle control (mitosis). When this happens, the possibility
for uncontrolled cell growth occurs. In some instances, uncontrolled growth
can lead to tumors, which are often associated with cancer, or other biological
diseases.
In this experiment, you will review some of the karyotypic differences which
can be observed when comparing normal, controlled cell growth and
abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. A karyotype is an image of the complete
set of diploid chromosomes in a single cell.
Procedure
© eScience Labs, LLC 2014

Materials
*Computer Access
*Internet Access

1.

*You Must Provide

Begin by constructing a hypothesis to explain what differences you
might observe when comparing the karyotypes of human cells which
experience normal cell cycle control versus cancerous cells (which
experience abnormal, or a lack of, cell cycle control). Record your
hypothesis in Post-Lab Question 1.
Note: Be sure to include what you expect to observe, and why you think
you will observe these features. Think about what you know about
cancerous cell growth to help construct this information

2.

Go online to find some images of abnormal karyotypes, and normal
karyotypes. The best results will come from search terms such as
“abnormal karyotype”, “HeLa cells”, “normal karyotype”, “abnormal
chromosomes”, etc. Be sure to use dependable resources which have
been peer-reviewed

3.

Identify at least five abnormalities in the abnormal images. Then, list and
draw each image in the Data section at the end of this experiment. Do
these abnormalities agree with your original hypothesis?
Hint: It may be helpful to count the number of chromosomes, count the
number of pairs, compare the sizes of homologous chromosomes, look
for any missing or additional genetic markers/flags, etc.

Data
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
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Bio lab 5 answer.docx
Bio lab 5 answer.docx

Your Full Name:

102/103
Lab 5: Meiosis
INSTRUCTIONS:

and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed intheCourse
Schedule (under Syllabus).

To conduct your laboratory exercises,…

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2420-Lab 3- Bacterial Staining Techniques-II-(Differential)

September 14, 2022/in Uncategorized /by admin

2420-Lab 3- Bacterial Staining Techniques-II-(Differential)

Directions:

Answer following questions after reading the information and watching the video from the link below. Use color RED or BLUE for your answers. Submit the completed document on eCampus for grading. Refer to divulge

· the textbook chapter 3 (3.2) (Nester- McGraw Hill)

· Link: Bacterial Staining Techniques-II, Virtual Edge Experiment-4

Differential Staining

1. What is differential staining?

Differential staining is the process of staining that involves the use of a single stain. This allows for efficient differentiation of structures/cellular components, and microorganisms of a single organism.

Gram Staining (4A on Virtual Edge)

Watch the video of Gram Staining from the textbook chapter 3- review 3.2 (pages 53-54), 3.5 (pages 65-67– cell wall of prokaryotic cells) and answer the following questions.

2. What is the purpose of Gram staining?

Gram staining allows for the determination of chemical composition of bacterium cell walls.

3. Who invented the Gram staining procedure?

Hans Christian Gram

4. What is the first stain used in Gram staining procedure?

The basic dye crystal violet (primary stain)

5. Do all cells pick up this stain?

Bacteria cell walls pick up the primary stain (crystal violet).

6. What is the function of a mordant?

A mordant chemically alters the shape of the dye molecule. This allows for the intensification of the stains in the cells/tissue preparations.

7. Which mordant is used in the Gram staining procedure?

Iodine

8. What would be the result if the mordant is forgotten from the procedure?

The crystal violet molecules will not form a complex the reaction will be red.

9. What is alcohol used for?

The alcohol is a lipid solvent used to dissolve the gram’s-negative cell wall outer membrane. Alcohol acts as the decolorizing agent.

10. Why is decolorization necessary?

Allows for the differentiation of the gram-positive bacteria from the gram-negative bacteria

11. What is a counterstain?

This is a stain with contrasting color to the principal stain. This increases visibility under the microscope.

12. Which counterstain is used in Gram staining?

Safranin

13. What are cells called that retain the primary stain?

Gram positive

14. What are cells called that lose the primary stain?

Gram negative

15. What are cells called that take up the counterstain?

Gram positive and gram negative

16. What type of cells do not take up the counterstain?

Gram positive

17. After the Gram staining procedure, Gram positive bacterial cells appear ___purple_______ colored.

18. After the Gram staining procedure, Gram negative bacterial cells appear _____red_______ colored.

19. Which component of the cell wall in Gram positive bacteria is responsible for the retention of the primary stain?

Peptidoglycan

20. Which component of the cell wall in Gram negative bacteria is responsible for the retention of the counterstain?

Peptidoglycan

21. What would be the color of Gram negative bacterial cells if the decolorization step is forgotten? Explain.

The color would remain purple. This will be regarded as a false positive result.

22. Which bacteria were used in this experiment and what were their shapes? (From the textbook, review 3.3- Morphology of prokaryotic cells)

Spherical in shape. The cells used were prokaryotic cells.

23. From what you have learned from the textbook, if a patient has E. coli infection which are Gram negative bacteria, would you advise them to take a course of Penicillin? Why or Why not?- Explain

No, it is not advisable for the patient to take penicillin. This is because E. coli is resistant to beta lactams like penicillin and other non-beta lactams.

24. Following picture shows the Gram staining result. Point out (or describe) Gram positive and Gram negative cells from the picture. Be sure to specify morphology:

The gram positive cells are the violet/purple looking cells under the microscope. The gram positive cells appear purple because the bacteria will retain the primary stain i.e. crystal violet. The gram negative bacteria will appear pink under the microscope.

Gram stain - Wikipedia

Acid-fast Staining- (4B on Virtual Edge):

Read the text from the following to help answering the following questions.

· link Acid-fast Staining,

· textbook chapter 3- section 3.2

25. List two genera of bacteria that are stained for identification by using Acid-fast staining method.

Nocardia species, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex

26. Which fatty acid is found in the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria?

Mycolic acids

27. Which primary stain is used in the acid-fast staining procedure?

carbol fuchsin

28. Why is steaming necessary at this step?

Steaming loosens up the waxy layer hence promoting entrance of the primary stain in the cell.

29. Which counterstain is used in the acid-fast staining procedure?

Methylene blue

30. Why is acid-alcohol used to decolorize in the acid-fast staining process instead of regular ethanol?

Acid-alcohol acts as the decolorizing agent because the acid-fast cells are resistant to decolorization because the primary statin is soluble in the cellular waxes as compared to the decolorizing agent.

31. Which two types of bacteria were used in this experiment?

Nocardia species, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex

32. Which of the above two types of bacteria were acid-fast? (or retained the primary stain?)

Mycobacterium retains the primary pink stain.

33. From the picture below, point out the acid-fast cells:

The red cells in the image s

Acid Fast Staining Flashcards | Quizlet

34. If you are working in a clinical diagnostic laboratory, which of the above staining methods would you use to predict the cause of infection under following conditions?

a. Tuberculosis

Sputum smear microscopy

b. Strep throat

Gram staining

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Sustainable Home Creation

September 14, 2022/in Uncategorized /by admin

Sustainable Home Creation

Name:

This worksheet is to show how you will create a more sustainable home. The key is to defend your choices with facts and citing your sources, you do not need to choose a single family home. Cite sources!

	Current	Future Improvements
Described your indoor living space (i.e., square feet)
Describe the location of your home and why it would be the best for you. Make sure to address: climate, geography, rural/urban/or suburban.
3 materials in your home and how they can be more sustainable.	1) 2) 3)	1) 2) 3)
Energy use	What are 3 things that use the most energy in your home? 1) 2) 3)	How can you decrease your energy consumption? 1) 2) 3)
Water use	What are 3 things that use the most water in your home? 1) 2) 3)	How can you decrease your water consumption? 1) 2) 3)

References use (you should have at least 3)

Resources to help get you started:

1) Read the weekly reading in the textbook

2) Id climate based on state then closest city:

https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/united-states/us

3) Learn more about sustainable materials:

https://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/construction/green/10-cutting-edge-building-materials.htm

Virtual Lab: DNA and Genes

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Lab 5: Meiosis INSTRUCTIONS: And 3425

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2420-Lab 3- Bacterial Staining Techniques-II-(Differential)

2420-Lab 3- Bacterial Staining Techniques-II-(Differential)

Directions:

Differential Staining

Gram Staining (4A on Virtual Edge)

Acid-fast Staining- (4B on Virtual Edge):

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Sustainable Home Creation

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2420-Lab 3- Bacterial Staining Techniques-II-(Differential)

Directions:

Differential Staining

Gram Staining (4A on Virtual Edge)

Acid-fast Staining- (4B on Virtual Edge):

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