BIO 235 Microbilogy

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Instructions:

 

Please answer the following with minimum 75-100 words for each question. Must include references with answer in APA. Must be 100% original work. Thanks

 

 

1.      A 40 year old bird handler was admitted to the hospital with soreness over his upper jaw, progressive vision loss, and bladder dysfunction.  He had been well 2 months earlier.  Within weeks he lost reflexes in his lower extremities and subsequently died.  Examination of CSF showed lymphocytes.  What etiology do you suspect? What further information do you need? (20 points)

 

2.      Please watch the film on Polio and comment.  Also OPV is no longer used for routine vaccination.  Provide the rationale for this policy. (10 points)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP2iUz4JzMY

 

3.      Nearly 70% of the patients seen in STI clinics are men.

a.       Offer a reason men are more likely to seek treatment than women

b.      Why is it important that women seek treatment for STIs? (15 points)

 

4.      Pneumonia is diagnosed by the presence of fluid (dark shadows in an X-ray image) in the alveoli.  Given that pneumonia usually is caused by a microorganism, what causes the fluid accumulation? Name a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, a protozoan and a helminth that can cause pneumonia (15 points)

 

5.       A 31 year old man became feverish 4 days after arriving at a vacation resort in Idaho.  During his stay he ate at two restaurants that were not associated with the resort.  AT the resort he drank soft drinks with ice, used the hot tub and went fishing.  The resort is supplied by a well that was dug 3 years ago. He went to the hospital when he developed vomiting and bloody diarrhea.  Gram-negative, lactose-negative bacteria were cultured from his stool.  The patient recovered after receiving intravenous fluids.  What microorganism most likely caused his symptoms? How is this disease transmitted?  What is the most likely source of his infection and how would you verify the source? (15 points)

 

6.      The tropical skin disease called yaws is transmitted by direct contact.  Its causative agent, Treponemapallidumpertenue is indistinguishable from T. pallidum.  One theory is that syphilis epidemics in Europe coincided with the return of Columbus from the New World.  How might T. Pallidumpertenue have evolved into T. Pallidum in the temperate climate of Europe? (15 points)

 

7.      Research the disease Ebola.  How would you feel as a nurse being assigned to a patient with this disease and do you think that patients should be brought to this country with the disease, but remember that the two patients that are coming are both American citizens. (10 points)

 

 

 
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Concept Map

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Running head: ULCERATIVE COLITIS CONCEPT

MAP 1

 

 

 

Ulcerative Colitis Concept Map

Student

Rasmussen College

 

 

 

Author Note

This paper is being submitted on September 5, 2013, for Ms. Carole Guye’s NUR2034C

Fundamentals of Professional Nursing.

 

 

 

ULCERATIVE COLITIS CONCEPT MAP 2

 

ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC)

PATIENT TEACHING  Information about UC including acute

episodes, remissions and symptom mgmt.  Monitor for signs &symptoms of GI bleeding  Ostomy care management  Identify outpatient support groups  Self-management at home (Winkelman, 2013)

 

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY  Ulcerative Colitis (UC) usually begins in the rectum. It

may remain localized to the rectum (ulcerative proctitis) or extend higher, sometimes involving the entire colon. There is a sharp border between normal and affected tissue.

 It causes sores and inflammation of the lining, along with bleeding, pus, diarrhea and abdominal discomfort.

 Fistulas and abscesses do not occur  Toxic or fulminant colitis is when the ulcerations

extends through the intestinal wall, resulting in localized ileus and peritonitis. (Ulcerative Colitis, 2014 )

CAUSES  Not caused by stress or hypersensitivity to foods or

products but may trigger symptoms (Ulcerative Colitis, 2014)  Studies suggest caused by combination of heredity,

immune system, and environmental causes  Cause Unknown (What is Ulcerative Colitis, 2014)

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS  Ostomy or perineal wound care  Assess patient for pain pattern, occurrences  Monitor for signs/symptoms of GI bleeding  Monitor Vitals and Labs  Monitor pain and symptoms to maintain

comfort (Winkelman, 2013)

 

TREATMENTS & MEDICATIONS Treatments – No medical cure  Treatment goals to reduce symptoms:

1) Induce / maintain remission, 2) Improve quality of life, and 3) Individualize to treat patient

Diet & Nutrition  Avoid foods that aggravate UC

(What is Ulcerative Colitis, 2014)

Surgery  Total proctocolectomy with permanent

ileostomy – colon, rectum & anus removed  Total Colectomy – colon removal  Restorative Proctocolectomey with Ileal Pouch

Anal Anastomosis (RPC-IPAA) – create ileoanal reservoir

Medications  Route

– Enema – Rectal Foam – Suppository

– PO – IV

 Aminosalicylates – Reduce Inflammation – balsalazide – mesalamine – olsalazine – sulfasalazine

 Corticosteroids – Reduce immune system activity & Decrease inflammation – budesonide – hydrocortisone – methylprednisone – prednisone (Ulcerative Colitis, 2014)

 Immunomodulators – Decrease immune system activity – azathioprine – 6-mercaptopurine, or 6-MP

 Biologics – Decrease inflammation – adalimumab – golimumab – Infliximab – vedolizumab

 Other medications – Acetaminophen – mild pain – Antibiotics – prevent/treat infection – Loperamide – slow/stop diarrhea

(Ulcerative Colitis, 2014) – Cyclosporine – immunosuppresnt

(Cyclosporine, 2014)

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS  Bowel movements become looser and more urgent  Persistent diarrhea accompanied by abdominal pain

and blood in the stool (What is Ulcerative Colitis, 2014)  Anemia  Fever  Fatigue  Weight loss  Loss of appetite

 Skin lesions  Rectal Bleeding  Cramping abdominal pain  Growth failure in children  Loss of body fluid & nutrients

(Ulcerative Colitis, 2014)

DIAGNOSED  Physical Exam & Interview (health, diet, history)  Blood test – monitor anemia  Fecal matter – rule out bacterial/viral diarrhea causes  Sigmoidoscopy – see rectum/colon inflammation  Total Colonoscopy – visualize entire colon  Biopsy – sample of affect tissue removed for testing  Chromoendoscopy – blue spray during colonoscopy

to detect changes in lining (What is Ulcerative Colitis, 2014)  Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan – 3D image  Barium Enema X Ray – x-ray contrast (Ulcerative Colitis, 2014)

NURSING DIAGNOSES  Ineffective Coping r/t repeated episodes of diarrhea  Acute pain r/t abdominal cramp  Deficient fluid volume r/t frequent and loose stools  Impaired skin integrity r/t frequent stools, and

development of anal fissures  Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements r/t

anorexia, decreased absorption of nutrients GI tract  Social Isolation r/t diarrhea (Ackley, 2014)

 

 

 

ULCERATIVE COLITIS CONCEPT MAP 3

References

Ackley, B. J. and Ladwig, G. B. (2014). Inflammatory Bowel Disease [Child and Adult].

Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care (10th ed.).

Online: Mosby. Retrieved from Skyscape.

Ulcerative Colitis. (2014). National Digestive Disease Information and Kidney Diseases.

Retrieved from http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/colitis/

What is Ulcerative Colitis? (2014). Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America. Retrieved from

http://www.ccfa.org/what-are-crohns-and-colitis/what-is-ulcerative-colitis/

Winkelman, C. (2013). Ulcerative Colitis. Clinical Company for Medical-Surgical Nursing:

Critical Thinking for Collaborative Care (7th ed.). Retrieved from Skyscape.

 
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Gastrointestinal Disorders Case

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BIO/1015 Week 4 Assignment 1 Discussion Question (***** Both Questions Answered + APA Format + Original Work + References ******)

 

Question 1

 

Alcohol Abuse

 

 

Mr. Wilko is a 40-year-old salesperson with a wife and three teenage children. He has recently begun to have a beer at lunch and a few drinks after work to reduce his work-related stress. An economic downturn in the housing industry has reduced the need for new home appliances and his income and sales record has been affected. Several other salespeople have been laid off at his firm. He has been told that if his sales and attendance records do not improve he will be fired. He and his wife are constantly arguing about finances and the children’s increasing demands for money. His drinking has increased to several beers at lunch and continued drinking after dinner. When he returns to work with alcohol on his breath, he is dismissed from his job. He continues to consume alcohol during the day as he attempts a job search. His wife is very concerned, as are his teenage children.

  • Mr. Wilko states he is a social drinker and “can stop at any time.” How accurate is his self-assessment? his self -assessment is not accurate for the simple fact that he considers himself a social drinker he is in denial that depression has set in.
  • What stressors are present in Mr. Wilko’s case? anxiety,depression
  • Why does Mr. Wilko continue to increase his alcohol intake? to surpress the feelings on depression or fear of losing his job he feels as if he continues to increase his drinking it will subside the feelings that he is having
  • What changes in liver function can Mr. Wilko expect if he continues to drink large amounts of alcohol? his liver function
  • Mr. Wilko complains to his wife that all the stress is causing “indigestion.” How do stress and alcohol consumption affect GI function?
  • Why is Mr. Wilko at greater risk of trauma? because he is consuming way too much alcohol at an increasing rate above normal which can lead to gastritis as well as pancreatitis

 

 

Question 2

 

Gastrointestinal Disorders Case

 

A 50-year-old man has been suffering from substernal pain for the last 5 months, particularly on waking up in the morning. He lost his job a year ago and was suffering from depression. He consumes about 12–16 cans of beer every day. He has lost his appetite too and says that eating aggravates pain.

  • Is this acute or chronic gastritis?  Chronic gastritis
  • What factors may lead to the development of gastritis? Loss of appetite black or tarry stools upset stomach depression
  • What investigation should be performed?
  • How can the patient be treated?

 

BIO 1015 Week 4

Week 4 assignments pathophysiology

 

 
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PATIENT CASE STUDY PROFILES – CANCER CAUSES

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Overview

Even though Tanya has the breast cancer gene, it does not necessarily mean she will ever develop breast cancer. However, she does have a chance. In this assignment, you are going evaluate the medical histories and breast cancer risks of Tanya’s friends, and estimate how they might reduce their risks. You will learn about the various risk factors, both genetic and lifestyle related, as well as prevention methods for breast cancer.

Instructions

For this assignment, you will use a Patient Case Study Profile Form to evaluate four patient profiles and their medical histories. Refer to the resources listed in the What You Need To Know section.

  1. Examine the four patient profiles and medical histories of Tanya’s friends (Mary, Paula, June, and Nora) with respect to their breast cancer risk.
  2. Use the various resources presented this week to help you analyze the cancer causes for each profile.
  3. Use the National Cancer Institute’s Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Risk Calculator Tool ( https://bcrisktool.cancer.gov/calculator.html  )to estimate the patient’s risks of developing breast cancer.
  4. Provide recommendations for each patient profile as to how they might reduce their cancer risk.
  5. Enter your recommendations in the Patient Case Study Profile Form next to each patient profile.
  6. Submit your completed document in the assignment area of the courseroom. All assignments are due at end of the week, unless otherwise specified.CU_Horiz_RGB Patient Profiles – Cancer Risks / Causes

    Week 8 Assignment

    Date: Click or tap here to enter text.

    Name: Click or tap here to enter text.

     

    Patient Profile – Cancer Causes Patient Recommendation
    Mary

    · She is a 64 year-old woman in generally good health.

    · She had her first child when she was 20.

    · She entered menopause at the age of 58.

    · She has been on hormone replacement therapy since entering menopause (for the past 6 years).

    · She has gained some weight since menopause.

    · Her mother had breast cancer diagnosed at age 37.

    · She had her first period at 13.

     

    		 Mary’s Recommendation:

    Click or tap here to enter text.
    Paula

    · She is 71 years of age, and currently has a urinary bladder tumor, with metastases in the ovaries and possible involvement of one lymph node.

    · She had her first period at 13.

    · Paula’s sister was diagnosed with breast cancer three years ago, then ovarian cancer two and a half years ago.

    · Paula’s mother died of lung cancer.

    · Two maternal uncles had pancreatic cancer.

    · Her maternal aunt had myeloma.

    · Her maternal grandmother has uterine cancer.

    · Paula’s sister had genetic testing, and was found to have a BRCA1 mutation.

    		 Paula’s Recommendation:

    Click or tap here to enter text.

     
    June

    · June is 58 years old.

    · She has been having “regular” mammograms (at two to three year intervals).

    · Her first period was at age 13.

    · She has had two pregnancies, resulting in two children, the first of which was at age 27.

    · She experienced menopause at age 51. She did not take hormone replacement therapy (HRT), but she used oral contraceptives for a total of four years in the past.

    · She has high blood pressure and high cholesterol. She has low levels of thyroid hormones.

    · She also has “weak bones.”

    · Her maternal aunt died of breast cancer in her 30’s.

    · Her mother died of a brain tumor at age 39.

    · Her father is alive and well at age 84.

    		 June’s Recommendation:

    Click or tap here to enter text.
    Nora

    · She is a 51-year-old, pre-menopausal woman.

    · Her last bilateral mammogram showed no evidence of a mass.

    · She had her first period at the age of 13.

    · She has had two pregnancies, each resulting in the birth of a child, the first of which was at age 32.

    · She used oral contraceptives for six years.

    · She has not taken any hormone-replacement therapy (HRT).

    · She smoked until age 26.

    · She consumes between 1 and 4 alcoholic drinks per week.

    · Her mother had breast cancer at 48 years of age, and now has lymphoma (at age 72).

    · Her maternal grandmother had breast cancer at age 47, and died of lung cancer.

    · Her paternal first cousin presently has breast cancer.

    · Her paternal aunt died “at a young age” from breast cancer.

    · Her father was of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, and died of colon cancer at 66 years of age.

    		 Nora’s Recommendation:

    Click or tap here to enter text.

     

     

    © Capella University

 
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