PATIENT CASE STUDY PROFILES – CANCER CAUSES

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Overview

Even though Tanya has the breast cancer gene, it does not necessarily mean she will ever develop breast cancer. However, she does have a chance. In this assignment, you are going evaluate the medical histories and breast cancer risks of Tanya’s friends, and estimate how they might reduce their risks. You will learn about the various risk factors, both genetic and lifestyle related, as well as prevention methods for breast cancer.

Instructions

For this assignment, you will use a Patient Case Study Profile Form to evaluate four patient profiles and their medical histories. Refer to the resources listed in the What You Need To Know section.

  1. Examine the four patient profiles and medical histories of Tanya’s friends (Mary, Paula, June, and Nora) with respect to their breast cancer risk.
  2. Use the various resources presented this week to help you analyze the cancer causes for each profile.
  3. Use the National Cancer Institute’s Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Risk Calculator Tool ( https://bcrisktool.cancer.gov/calculator.html  )to estimate the patient’s risks of developing breast cancer.
  4. Provide recommendations for each patient profile as to how they might reduce their cancer risk.
  5. Enter your recommendations in the Patient Case Study Profile Form next to each patient profile.
  6. Submit your completed document in the assignment area of the courseroom. All assignments are due at end of the week, unless otherwise specified.CU_Horiz_RGB Patient Profiles – Cancer Risks / Causes

    Week 8 Assignment

    Date: Click or tap here to enter text.

    Name: Click or tap here to enter text.

     

    Patient Profile – Cancer Causes Patient Recommendation
    Mary

    · She is a 64 year-old woman in generally good health.

    · She had her first child when she was 20.

    · She entered menopause at the age of 58.

    · She has been on hormone replacement therapy since entering menopause (for the past 6 years).

    · She has gained some weight since menopause.

    · Her mother had breast cancer diagnosed at age 37.

    · She had her first period at 13.

     

    		 Mary’s Recommendation:

    Click or tap here to enter text.
    Paula

    · She is 71 years of age, and currently has a urinary bladder tumor, with metastases in the ovaries and possible involvement of one lymph node.

    · She had her first period at 13.

    · Paula’s sister was diagnosed with breast cancer three years ago, then ovarian cancer two and a half years ago.

    · Paula’s mother died of lung cancer.

    · Two maternal uncles had pancreatic cancer.

    · Her maternal aunt had myeloma.

    · Her maternal grandmother has uterine cancer.

    · Paula’s sister had genetic testing, and was found to have a BRCA1 mutation.

    		 Paula’s Recommendation:

    Click or tap here to enter text.

     
    June

    · June is 58 years old.

    · She has been having “regular” mammograms (at two to three year intervals).

    · Her first period was at age 13.

    · She has had two pregnancies, resulting in two children, the first of which was at age 27.

    · She experienced menopause at age 51. She did not take hormone replacement therapy (HRT), but she used oral contraceptives for a total of four years in the past.

    · She has high blood pressure and high cholesterol. She has low levels of thyroid hormones.

    · She also has “weak bones.”

    · Her maternal aunt died of breast cancer in her 30’s.

    · Her mother died of a brain tumor at age 39.

    · Her father is alive and well at age 84.

    		 June’s Recommendation:

    Click or tap here to enter text.
    Nora

    · She is a 51-year-old, pre-menopausal woman.

    · Her last bilateral mammogram showed no evidence of a mass.

    · She had her first period at the age of 13.

    · She has had two pregnancies, each resulting in the birth of a child, the first of which was at age 32.

    · She used oral contraceptives for six years.

    · She has not taken any hormone-replacement therapy (HRT).

    · She smoked until age 26.

    · She consumes between 1 and 4 alcoholic drinks per week.

    · Her mother had breast cancer at 48 years of age, and now has lymphoma (at age 72).

    · Her maternal grandmother had breast cancer at age 47, and died of lung cancer.

    · Her paternal first cousin presently has breast cancer.

    · Her paternal aunt died “at a young age” from breast cancer.

    · Her father was of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, and died of colon cancer at 66 years of age.

    		 Nora’s Recommendation:

    Click or tap here to enter text.

     

     

    © Capella University

 
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BiologyQuestions

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QUESTION 1

1. Having hair on the back of the hands is a dominant trait. If two people who heterozygous for the condition have children, what is the probability that they will have a child who does NOT have hair on the back of their hands?

    0%
    25% or 1/4
    50% or 2/4
    75% or 3/4
    100% or 4/4

8.5 points   

QUESTION 2

1. Who is responsible for sex determination in humans?

    male
    female

6.5 points   

QUESTION 3

1. In the pedigree below, all shaded individuals express the gene in question.  For example, Arlene “has” the trait, she displays the phenotype in question.  For example, if we were following the inheritance pattern of a widow’s peak, Arlene has a widow’s peak (that is NOT the trait here, just an example).  Unshaded individuals (blank circles and squares) do not manifest the trait in question, but their specific genotype is unknown – they could be heterozygous, homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive.

2. What is the mechanism of inheritance of this trait? 

    recessive
    dominant

8.5 points   

QUESTION 4

1. In the pedigree below, all shaded individuals express the gene in question.  For example, Arlene “has” the trait, she displays the phenotype in question.  For example, if we were following the inheritance pattern of a widow’s peak, Arlene has a widow’s peak (that is NOT the trait here, just an example).  Unshaded individuals (blank circles and squares) do not manifest the trait in question, but their specific genotype is unknown – they could be heterozygous, homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive.

What is Sam’s genotype?

 

    homozygous recessive (hh)
    heterozygous (Hh)
    homozygous dominant (HH)

 

8.5 points   

QUESTION 5

1. Normally when a person consumes a product that contains lactose (such as milk or cheese), the body breaks the sugar lactose down into galactose and glucose.  Galactosemia is disorder caused by a missing or defective enzyme which ends up causing galactose to accumulate to poisonous and sometimes deadly levels. Galactosemia is a recessive disorder. If two individuals are heterozygous for this trait, what is the probability that their children WILL HAVE galactosemia?

    0%
    1/4 or 25%
    2/4 or 50%
    3/4 or 75%
    4/4 or 100%

8.5 points   

 

 

QUESTION 6

1. Huntington’s disease is characterized by a late onset of nerve degeneration that leads to death.  The allele that causes the disease is dominant.  Lucille is homozygous dominant for the disease and Joe is homozygous recessive.  What is the probability that their children will have Huntington’s disease?

    0%
    1/4 or 25%
    2/4 or 50%
    3/4 or 75%
    4/4 or 100%

8.5 points   

QUESTION 7

1. Hemophilia, disease in which the blood lacks a clotting factor, is caused by an X linked recessive gene. Joe doe not have hemophilia and Lucille is heterozygous for the condition.  What is the chance that their MALE child will have hemophilia? (Note: you are calculating the probability for their MALE children only, in other words if they have 1 male child, what is the probability that he will be born with the disease?)

    0%
    1/4 or 25%
    2/4 or 50%
    3/4 or 75%
    4/4 or 100%

8.5 points   

QUESTION 8

1. In humans, having facial dimples is dominant to not having facial dimples. Mary has dimples, yet only 3 of her 10 children have dimples.  What must Mary’s genotype be?

    homozygous dominant
    heterozygous
    homozygous recessive
    has dimples
    does not have dimples

8.5 points   

 

 

QUESTION 9

1. Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive disorder.  If Allison is heterozygous (a carrier), and her husband, Michael, is NOT colorblind. What is the chance that their male children will be colorblind? (Note: you are calculating the probability for their MALE children only, in other words if they have 1 male child, what is the probability that he will be born with the disease?)

    0%
    25% or 1/4
    50% or 2/4
    75% or 4/4
    100% or 4/4

8.5 points   

QUESTION 10

1. Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive disorder. If Allison is heterozygous (a carrier), and her husband, Michael, is NOT colorblind. What is the chance that their female children will be colorblind? (Note: you are calculating the probability for their FEMALE children only, in other words if they have 1 female child, what is the probability that she will be born colorblind?)

    0%
    25% or 1/4
    50% or 2/4
    75% or 3/4
    100% or 4/4

8.5 points   

QUESTION 11

1. Match the term to its best description.

  the observable trait expressed by an organism
  the genes for a trait present in an organism
 

 

 

 

 

 the different varieties of a gene for a particular trait
  the state of having two identical alleles for a particular trait

 

 

 
A. homozygous
B. genotype
C. phenotype
D. alleles

 

 

QUESTION 12

1. Why do X-linked genetic disorders occur more frequently in males? Answer in a few short sentences.

 
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Mutations and Base Sequence Errors

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Biology 30—Lab III.5 Page 4

 

PART C: Mutations and Base Sequence Errors

Not often are there errors in the process of forming proteins from the DNA code of instructions. An error in the process is a mutation and will result in formation of a different type of protein.

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. Hemoglobin results from the proper arrangement of almost 600 amino acids. Most humans have the correct type of hemoglobin. However, in some people the arrangement is incorrect. These people have a disease called sickle-cell anemia. Their red blood cells are sickle shaped rather than round. As a result, the red blood cells cannot transport oxygen as well.

The following amino acid sequence represents a portion of the normal hemoglobin molecule:

proline, glutamate, glutamate, lysine.

1. Use the Data.pdf table to translate the sequence of amino acids in normal hemoglobin into the following codes. Remember that the table shows mRNA codes (use first listing of the amino acid in the table)

a) mRNA base codes

 

b) tRNA base codes

 

c) DNA base codes

 

 

In sickle-cell anemia, the sequence of amino acids is slightly different. It is

proline, valine, glutamate, lysine.

2. Translate the sequence of amino acids in sickle-cell hemoglobin into (use third valine in tables)

a) mRNA base codes

 

b) tRNA base codes

 

c) DNA base codes

 

3. In terms of base nucleotides, explain the only difference between the DNA message for normal hemoglobin and the DNA message for sickle-cell hemoglobin.

 

 

A mutation, therefore, is a difference from what we consider to be the normal sequence of bases in a molecule of DNA. The differences or error does not have to be very great. As you have just determined, a base sequence of only one triplet (three bases) can cause the formation of the wrong type of hemoglobin. A change at only one base site of the triplet can cause mutation.

4. How are mutations passed on to offspring?

 

 

 

DNA and RNA

Sickle Cell Lab Page 6 of 7

 
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BBC Life Primates Film And Questions

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https://www.3cmediasolutions.org/privid/47220?key=3554d41ec0f61b1d5c411393ce95fab15979321f

Background

Answer these questions before watching the video by using your text or searching online for answers.  Then use the link above to watch the film and answer the other questions.

 

1.   All animals in this episode of Life are from the Primate order.  This is the full classification of the Primate order.  List one major characteristic that helps define each level.

 

 

Kingdom:  Animalia

 

Phylum:  Chordata

 

Class:  Mammalia

 

 

2.   A cladogram for the major groups of primates is shown to the right.  The order is divided into two categories:  prosimians and anthropoids.

 

a.   Which group evolved earliest?

 

 

 

 

b.    Which group(s) evolved most recently?

 

 

 

 

c.   Would humans be considered prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

 

d.     According to this cladogram, which group of primates is most closely related to humans?

 

 

 

 

 

Primates are divided into two groups:  Prosimians and Anthropoids.  This table summarizes the differences.

 

  Prosimians Anthropoids
Brain Size Smaller Larger
Nails vs. Claws Claws Nails
Vision Partial binocular vision (both eyes facing the same direction working together) Binocular and color vision
Body Size Smaller Larger
Habitats Tropical rainforests Tropical rainforests, grasslands, temperate forests, wetlands
Diurnality Either diurnal (daytime) or nocturnal (nighttime) Almost all diurnal
Olfaction Strong sense of smell Weaker sense of smell
Opposable Digits Some have opposable thumbs and big toes All have opposable thumbs; Most have opposable big toes

 

Introduction

Answer these questions from the opening segment of the video.

 

3.   Describe what is unique about primates in regard to these characteristics:

 

a.   Hands –

 

b.   Eyes –

 

c.   Intelligence –

 

d.   Social Interactions –

 

e.   Memory –

 

Hamadryas  Baboons

 

4.   Are these baboons prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

5.   Describe the social hierarchy of these baboons.

 

 

 

6.   What is the cause of the conflict between the two troops of baboons?

 

 

 

 

Japanese Macaque “Snow Monkeys”

 

7.   Are these macaques prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

8.   These animals are the most northernly-living monkeys.  How are they built differently than other monkeys to survive the harsh winters of the Japanese Alps?

 

 

 

9.   Describe the social hierarchy of these macaques and how it relates to the hot springs.

 

 

 

Western Gorilla

Gorilla gorilla

 

10.                Are gorillas prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

11.                Describe the social hierarchy of these gorillas.

 

 

 

12.                Would these gorillas be considered herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores?

 

 

 

13.                How does the silverback male gorilla communicate his territory to other gorillas?

 

 

 

Spectral Tarsier

Tarsius tarsier

 

14.                Are tarsiers prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

15.                Tarsiers are completely carnivorous.  What is their food source?

 

 

 

16.                The tarsiers have three sets of adaptations that enable them to be successful nocturnal hunters.  Describe the adaptations tarsiers have in each of these body parts:

 

a.   Eyeballs:

 

 

b.   Ears:

 

 

c.   Legs:

 

 

17.                How do the tarsiers communicate with each other?  What reasons do they have to communicate?

 

 

 

18.                The Lar Gibbons also communicate, but for a different reason.  Explain what.

 

 

 

Phayre’s Leaf Monkeys

Trachypithecus phayrei

 

19.                Are the leaf monkeys prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

20.                Why are the baby leaf monkeys a bright orange color?

 

 

 

21.                Describe the social system of leaf monkeys, especially in relation to caring for babies.

 

 

 

 

Ring-Tailed lemur

Lemur catta

 

22.                Are the lemurs prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

23.                Explain how male and female ring-tailed lemurs use scent markers as a means of communication.

 

 

 

24.                How do males compete for the opportunity to mate?

 

Orangutan

Pongo borneo

 

25.                Are the Orangutans prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

26.                How long do Orangutans raise their young?  Is this unusual?

 

 

 

27.                What skills does the mother teach her child before it reaches adulthood?

 

 

 

Chacma baboons

Papio ursinus

 

28.                Are the baboons prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

29.                Why is gathering food such a challenge for Chacma baboons?

 

 

 

30.                What unusual food source do the baboons eat, and where do they find it?

 

 

 

31.                What physical adaptations to the baboons have that allows them to eat mussels?

 

 

 

White-faced Capuchins

Cebus capucinus

 

 

32.                Are the capuchins prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

 

33.                If capuchin monkeys are not strong enough to open clams, how do they eat them?

 

 

 

 

34.                What do brown-tufted capuchins do differently?  Explain why this is considered a more advanced skill.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chimpanzees

Pan troglodytes

 

35.                Are the chimpanzees prosimians or anthropoids?

 

 

 

 

36.                Describe two examples of how the chimpanzees use tools.

 

 

 

 

37.                Describe the skill of nut-cracking.  Why is this considered a more advanced skill than the capuchins?

 

 

 

 

38.                What unusual social characteristics do chimpanzees exhibit?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Classification

 

Primates are an order of mammals; one that the human species falls within.  The order is divided into different families based on characteristics such as presence of a prehensile tail, opposable thumb, whether they are ground-dwelling or tree-dwelling.

 

 

Order Marsupialia

“Pouched”

 

Tubulidentata

“Tube-Toothed”

 

 

Hyracoidea

“Short legs and tail”

 

 

Order Primates

“Opposable Thumbs”

 

 

Order Perissodactyla

“Odd-Toed Hooved”

 

 

Order Chiroptera

“Adapted for Flight”

 

 

Class Mammalia

 

 

Order Primates

 

 

Lemurs

“Prosimians of Madagascar”

 

 

 

Tarsiers

“Big Eyes”

 

 

Old World Monkeys

“Non-Prehensile Tail”

 

 

New World Monkeys

“Prehensile Tail”

 

 

 

Gibbons

“Long Arms”

 

 

Orangutans

“Person of the Forest”

 

 

Gorillas

“The Largest Primates”

 

 

Chimpanzees and Bonobos “Closest to Humans”

 

 

Gibbon

 

 

Lemur

 

 

Orangutan

 

 

Tarsier

 

 

Humans

“Man”

 

 

Order Eulipotyphla

“Insectivores with Snouts”

 

 

Rodentia

“Gnawing Hervivores”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

Lemurs

 Tarsiers Old World Monkeys New World Monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans IUCN Red list Status
Hamadryas Baboon                    
Japanese Macaque                    
Western Gorilla                    
Spectral Tarsier                    
Lar Gibbon                    
Owl  Monkey                    
Ring-Tailed Lemur                    
Orangutan                    
Chacma Baboon                    
White-Faced Capuchin                    
Chimpanzee                    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mark which category the primate is found and then look up their endangered status on the IUCN red list and provide details.

 
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