Calories and Nutrition

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Calories and Nutrition The following assignment is due Tuesday, November 12, 2019 at 4pm uploaded as a PDF to Blackboard. The best manner to create the document is make the graphs in Excel, copy/paste the graphs into a Word document containing the text responses, and export/save as a PDF. Please type your responses as instructed. You may discuss your answers with other students but must submit your own assignment. Any evidence of plagiarism will result in grade of zero for those involved. To aid in completing this assignment, 2 example questions with the correct responses are provided. Introduction

The increasing costs of healthcare have focused scientists and our attention to diseases such type II diabetes and heart disease. It has been shown that both these diseases are related to obesity and may be prevented and controlled with proper nutrition. As the photographs above of the diet of a typical American family and a Peruvian family show, there is a big difference in how people eat, but we don’t tend to make careful evaluations of what we put into our bodies. There is a lot of information on nutrition, diet and calories on newspapers, blogs, television though we live in a world of so many food choices at the grocery store and restaurants that this can just be overwhelming. Is the information we get on food and drinks and on menu items at restaurants helpful? Here we will look at the importance of nutrition, the guidelines set by the FDA and AMA and examine our personal diet and nutrition.

Calories are another way to measure the amount of energy we need and the amount of energy we get from food. Good nutrition is recognized as a balance between the amount of energy we take in from our food and the amount of energy we use in our daily activities. If we take in more calories than we use, the excess may be stored as fat.

 

 

Go to the Dietary Guideline for Americans 2010 document. Read the section on page 13 about calorie balance and the importance of consuming foods daily that provide this balance. Example question 1: Based upon the information provided on page 13, discuss (and provide examples) of why some of the top calorie sources in our diet are not good for our health. Example question 1 response: Many of the top calorie sources provide calories with few essential nutrients and contain high sources of solid fats and added sugars, such as with grain-based desserts and fried chicken dishes. Example question 2: Using the information in Table 2-2, graph the percentage of calories individuals aged 2-18 and individuals 19 and older consume from Grain-based desserts, pizza, and candy. Example question 2 response:

1) The website’s Table 2-3 lists the estimated calorie needs per day by age, gender, and physical activity level. Use this data to answer the following questions: a. Based on the data presented in Table 2-3 on page 14, discuss in 2-3 sentences why it is complicated to balance calories (2 pts) b. Describe in 2-3 sentences your personal calorie needs per day based on your age and activity level. (5pts) c. Explain in 2-3 sentences why the calorie needs are different for a person’s activity level. (5pts)

0

2

4

6

8

Grain-based desserts

Pizza Candy

Pe rc en t o f t ot al

da ily c al or ie s

Food consumed

Percentage of total daily calories consumed for different age

groups

Ages 2-18

Ages 19+

 

 

2) Use the data in Table 2-3 to graph in Excel the changes in your calorie requirement at present age and as a child of 4-8 years when you are sedentary, moderately active and active. Be sure to provide a descriptive chart title and appropriate data labels to make your chart informative. (5pts) 3) Go to the Key Findings on the ‘Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients in Adults’ document which was taken from the CDC website to see diet breakdown of average American adult in 2007-2008: Calculate the number of calories from carbohydrate, protein and fat for the average adult male and female. Show this data in a table and in two pie charts. (5 pts) 4) Use the information in the Table below to answer the following questions Calories in

food Fat Carbohydrates Protein

Big Mac 530 calories 27 grams 47 grams 24 grams Mac & Cheese 260 calories 3.5 grams 47 grams 10 grams Chicken Breast 170 3 grams 0 grams 32 grams Given 4 calories/gram of carbohydrate, 4 calories/gram of protein and 9 calories/gram of fat, calculate the percentage of calories from carbohydrates, protein, fat and other for each food item. Show the percentage of calories from fat, carbohydrates, and protein in a single bar graph (with all three food types) and in 3 pie charts (one for each type of food). (5pts)

5) Using the calories/gram values provided in question 4 and your answer in question 3, convert the typical male and female ‘calories from fat’ into grams. Assuming this value holds steady for a 75 year lifetime, calculate total fat consumption for an American male and female during their lives. Convert this into tons. (5pts) 6) We have heard about the importance of vitamins but recent studies have shown too much of a good thing can be harmful. Read the following articles in the New York Times and Scientific American, entitled “Don’t take your vitamins” and “Fact or fiction/vitamins” and answer the following questions: Briefly explain the reason that vitamin supplements are not necessary and may not be healthy. How far above the recommended doses are people taking for treatments using Vitamin E as an example. In a study of 18,000 people, the risk of death from lung cancer for those taking vitamins was 46% higher. Does that mean that 46% of the people died from lung cancer? (5 pts)

 

 
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Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing

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Laboratory Report Microbiology

1. It is an independent assignment per student. No group report. Your data may be similar to other students in class but the writing style must be individual.

2. You will the following laboratories to prepare this Laboratory Report:

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing: The Kirby-Bauer Method (Lab 34)

3. Make sure to collect all data during the laboratory experiment in order to complete this report. (2 pictures supplied from board)

*****my goal is to base this lab report on a hypothesis that shows which antibiotic is the most effective against staph and b.meg; I must show why

4. Follow the guidelines presented below.

Guidelines for preparation of the Laboratory Report

1. The report must consist of:

A. Introduction. It provides background information and the objectives of the experiment. Include a statement of the hypothesis (educated guess) of the possible results.

B. Materials and Methods. Specified the materials used in the experiment. You may present the materials from the lab manual and add some if the practice changed from the manual. No list of materials, incorporate the materials in the methodology. No numbers of steps, all narrative.

C. Results. Report the data collected during the experiment in a narrative form in addition to tables or graphics if necessary.

D. Discussion and Conclusion. Interpret the results and support or reject the hypothesis presented in your introduction. Support your statements with citations of other similar studies or textbook information.

E. References

2. At the end of the report, you must present some references used for the report (minimal 4 including the laboratory book and the textbook).Use the American Psychology Association (APA) style. Check the following site for guidance: http://employees.csbsju.edu/proske/nursing/APA.htm

3. The total amount of pages may vary depending on the experiment; however, a minimum of five pages, double-spaced and typed is expected.

4.Check list of common mistakes:

a. Substantiate your introduction with citations and place the reference at the end of the paper

b. Use Scholarly articles.

c. Scientific names spelled right and in italic or underlined.

d. Present the objective of the experiment in the introduction.

e. State your hypothesis at the end of the introduction.

f. Citation (Last name, year)

g. In Material and Methods, no listing of materials, incorporate the materials in the narrative of the procedures. No number of steps.

h. Results must be presented in a narrative form and tables or graphs

i. Title and number for each graph or table

j. No comments in the result section

k. Comments in the discussion section

l. Support discussion with citations

m. Reference in APA style

5. For more information and guidance please check:

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/ug/research/paper.html

Laboratory Report Microbiology

 

1

.

 

It is an independent assignment per student. No group report. Your data may be similar to other

students in class

 

but the writing style must be individual.

 

2

.

 

You will the following laboratories to prepare this

Laboratory Report:

 

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing: The Kirby

–

Bauer Method

 

(Lab 34)

 

3

.

 

Make sure to collect all data

 

during the laboratory experiment in order to complete this report.

 

(2

pictures supplied from board)

 

*****my goal is to base this lab repo

rt on a hypothesis that shows which antibiotic is the most

effective against staph and b.meg; I must show why

 

4

.

 

Follow the guidelines presented below.

 

Guidelines for preparation of the Laboratory Report

 

1.

 

The report must consist of:

 

A.

 

Introduction. It pro

vides background information and the objectives of the experiment. Include

a statement of the hypothesis (educated guess) of the possible results.

 

B.

 

Materials and Methods. Specified the materials used in the experiment. You may present

 

the

materials from th

e lab manual and add some if the practice changed from the manual. No list of

materials, incorporate the materials in the methodology. No numbers of steps, all narrative.

 

C.

 

Results. Report the data collected during the

 

experiment in a narrative form in addit

ion to

 

tables

 

or

 

graphics

 

if necessary.

 

D.

 

Discussion and Conclusion. Interpret the results and support or reject the hypothesis presented

in your introduction.

 

Support your statements with citations of other similar studies or textbook

information.

 

E.

 

Reference

s

 

2.

 

At the end of the report,

 

you must present some references

 

used for the report

 

(minimal 4

 

including

 

the laboratory

 

book

 

and the textbook).Use the American Psychology Association (APA) style

.

 

Check

the following site for guidance:

http://employees.csbsju.edu/proske/nursing/APA.htm

 

3.

 

The total amount of pages may vary depending on the experiment; however,

 

a minimum of five

 

pages, double

–

spaced

 

and typed is expected

.

 

 

4.Check list of common

mistakes:

 

a.

 

Substantiate your introduction with citations and place the reference at the end of the paper

 

b.

 

Use Scholarly articles.

 

c.

 

Scientific names spelled right and in italic or underlined.

 

 

d.

Present the objective of the experiment in the introduc

tion.

 

e.

State your hypothesis at the end of the introduction.

 

Laboratory Report Microbiology

1. It is an independent assignment per student. No group report. Your data may be similar to other

students in class but the writing style must be individual.

2. You will the following laboratories to prepare this Laboratory Report:

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing: The Kirby-Bauer Method (Lab 34)

3. Make sure to collect all data during the laboratory experiment in order to complete this report. (2

pictures supplied from board)

*****my goal is to base this lab report on a hypothesis that shows which antibiotic is the most

effective against staph and b.meg; I must show why

4. Follow the guidelines presented below.

Guidelines for preparation of the Laboratory Report

1. The report must consist of:

A. Introduction. It provides background information and the objectives of the experiment. Include

a statement of the hypothesis (educated guess) of the possible results.

B. Materials and Methods. Specified the materials used in the experiment. You may present the

materials from the lab manual and add some if the practice changed from the manual. No list of

materials, incorporate the materials in the methodology. No numbers of steps, all narrative.

C. Results. Report the data collected during the experiment in a narrative form in addition to tables

or graphics if necessary.

D. Discussion and Conclusion. Interpret the results and support or reject the hypothesis presented

in your introduction. Support your statements with citations of other similar studies or textbook

information.

E. References

2. At the end of the report, you must present some references used for the report (minimal 4 including

the laboratory book and the textbook).Use the American Psychology Association (APA) style. Check

the following site for guidance: http://employees.csbsju.edu/proske/nursing/APA.htm

3. The total amount of pages may vary depending on the experiment; however, a minimum of five

pages, double-spaced and typed is expected.

4.Check list of common mistakes:

a. Substantiate your introduction with citations and place the reference at the end of the paper

b. Use Scholarly articles.

c. Scientific names spelled right and in italic or underlined.

d. Present the objective of the experiment in the introduction.

e. State your hypothesis at the end of the introduction.

 
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Biology

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1.

a. What is the name of the pigment that captures light (2 points)

b. Why does the pigment appear green? (2 points)

 

2. List two variables besides the wavelength (color) of light which might affect the rate of food production in plants. (4 points

a.

b.

.

3. Why is chlorophyll important for all biological life? (5 points)

 

4.

a. In Part I of the procedure, what is the name of the indicator used to identify the presence of CO2? (2 points)

b. What color did the indicator turn after blowing air into the water through the straw? (2 points)

5.

a. What color did the indicator turn after the tube was placed under a light source for 30 minutes? (2 points)

b. Why did this occur? (3 points)

6. List the four common pigments found in plants and their functions. (4 points)

a.

b.

c.

d.

7. If the Rf factor of a pigment is .8400 and the distance that the solvent traveled is 12 cm, how far did the pigment travel? (5 points)

8. List the pigments extracted from the spinach leaves and their corresponding Rf values, from lowest to highest Rf value (4 points).

a. pigment, Rf value

b. pigment, Rf value

c. pigment, Rf value

d. pigment, Rf value

 

9. Based on the results, which pigment has the highest molecular weight? (5 points)

10. From the chromatography lab, which pigments were soluble in the acetone? (5 points)

11. The earth’s early atmosphere did not contain oxygen. This changed dramatically once the early cells underwent photosynthesis. Explain why photosynthesis could have occurred in such an atmosphere and how it eventually affected the evolution of other organisms. (10 points)

 

12.

a. In reviewing the data from the floating disk experiment, which factor had a greater impact on the rate of photosynthesis (light intensity or concentration of carbon dioxide)? (5 points)

b. How did the student come to this conclusion? (5 points)

**INFORMATION NEEDED TO COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS**

Independent Variable: This is the cause.

Dependent Variable: This is the response or effect.

One hundred samples of several different plants were placed in each of six sealed containers with water in them. At the end of two days the amount of oxygen produced was measured. Results are shown in the table below.

Container Plant Height of Plant Light Intensity Source of Light Distance from Light mL O2 Produced
1 Iris 4″ High Artificial 6″ 16
2 Iris 4″ High Natural 6″ 13
3 Iris 6″ Low Artificial 5″ 12
4 Carnation 6″ High Natural 4″ 13
5 Carnation 6″ Low Natural 4″ 9
6 Carnation 4″ Low Artificial 5″ 14

 

13. Based on the data presented in the table, which two containers could be correctly used to compare the rate of photosynthesis at two different light intensities? (5 points)

a. 1 and 2

b. 2 and 3

c. 1 and 5

d. 5 and 6

e. 4 and 5

 

14. Compare Containers 1 and 2. What independent variable is tested by this comparison? (5 points)

a. Kind of plant

b. Height of plant

c. Light intensity

d. Distance from light source

e. Light source

 

15. Which container had the slowest rate of photosynthesis? (5 points)

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 5

f. 6

 

16. (Application) How might the information gained from this lab pertaining to photosynthesis and pigments be useful to the student or how can the student apply this knowledge to everyday life as a non-scientist?

 
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Investigating tornadoes

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For this lab we will be investigating tornadoes; how, when, and where they form!

At the end of the lab you should hand in the completed “SevereActivity” as well as the answers to the questions listed throughout this assignment.

Part I Thunderstorm & Tornado Formation

A tornado is a fast rotating column of air that touches the ground at the bottom and a storm cloud at the top. The first step to forming a tornado is:

1. Create a thunderstorm

Thunderstorms are when warm air rises and condenses, forming a cloud. The three necessary ingredients for forming a thunderstorm are

Lift – This is something that makes the air rise and could be surface heating, a cold front or dry line, or even a mountain.

Instability – When the atmosphere is unstable, air that is lifted continues to rise. Just like a hot air balloon.

Moisture – Moisture is the fuel for the storm and is needed to form the clouds and precipitation.

This video describes the ingredients for thunderstorms:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UyPr6kt7Jg (Links to an external site.)

2. Make the storm long lasting

In order for a storm to last longer we often need a continued source of lift. This source of lift is often a

Boundary – The transition zone between two types of air. A cold front is the boundary between cold air and warm air, while a dry line is a boundary between moist air and dry air.

3. Create rotation in the storm

To get rotation in the storm you need

Shear – Also known as wind shear this is a change in wind with height in the atmosphere. The shear can either be in the speed of the wind or the direction of the wind, but usually both are present when a tornado forms.

The wind shear creates horizontal rotation in the storm

4. Tilt rotation into the vertical

Next the storm updraft (rising air) tilts the horizontal rotation into a vertical direction. We now have what we call a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is when there is a big slow rotation in a storm, and is indicative of supercell thunderstorms. Mesocyclones are needed to form tornadoes, but not all thunderstorms with mesocyclones produce tornadoes.

5. Stretch and squish the rotation

Now comes what I like to call the “figure skater effect.” The slow mesocylone becomes smaller underneath the storm which makes it speed up, just like a figure skater pulling in their arms. This stretching or squishing usually is caused by the up- and downdrafts of the storm.

This video describes more about the needed conditions and some of what we still don’t know about tornadoes:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMLZpjRYK9Q

So in summary LIMBS (lift, instability, moisture, boundary, and shear) is needed to form supercells, mesocyclones, and tornadoes, but it doesn’t guarantee that a tornado will form.

Questions 1: Describe in your own words how tornadoes form.

Part II: Tornado Climatology

Tornadoes are primarily a U.S. phenomena. In this section we will explore where and when tornadoes occur. Watch this short video that describes why we get so many tornadoes in the U.S.:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yiZveJAEp4

This link shows a map of tornado track in the U.S.:

http://uxblog.idvsolutions.com/2012/05/tornado-tracks.html

Question 2: Where are there very few tornadoes? From what you have learned, why do you think this is?

This link shows a similar map, but broken down by the time of year:

http://uxblog.idvsolutions.com/2012/06/seasonal-tornado-habitats-1950-2011.html

This link shows the occurrence of tornado by month and day of year:

http://www.ustornadoes.com/2012/03/14/total-u-s-tornadoes-by-month-and-by-day/

Question 3: Describe how the locations of tornadoes changes throughout the year.

Question 4: Why do you think we see these changes?

Part III: Tornado Forecasting

This page gives a brief description of tornado forecasting, including the products that severe weather forecasts put out to inform the public about the risks and likelihood of severe weather and tornadoes:

http://www.noaa.gov/features/protecting_0808/tornadoes.html

You will now be using weather data to forecast tornadoes. Complete the following activity and scan or photograph it to hand in, along with the other questions in this lab:

SevereActivity.docx

After you have completed the activity, look at the maps below.

This map shows the severe weather forecast from the storm prediction center on April 6, 2003:

day1otlk_20030406_1200_prt.gif

This map shows the actual reports of severe weather on April 6, 2003:

030406_rpts.gif

Questions 5: How well were you able to predict severe weather using the data in the activity? How close were you to identifying the areas that actually had severe weather?

 
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