Biological Anthropology Zoo Project

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Zoo project

INTRODUCTION: This assignment is designed to help you learn more about and

observe in real time some of the primates we have studied in our course, in this

case the chimpanzee. Besides your zoo visit, your final written report should

reflect thoughtful consideration of the assigned readings. The report will be based

on a description of the events in the chimp enclosure over period of 45 minutes

(minimum). Judge your time wisely and make sure to follow all the directions

presented below here. A total of 15 points may be earned IF you follow all

directions and present a well-prepared report (with ticket attached) by the

A. GRADING: Points will be awarded according to how your report covers the

following issues:

1. Describe enclosure and compare it to chimp natural habitat 3 points

 

2. Identify individual chimps as Adult Male-1; Adult Female-1; Juvenile Male-

1; Juvenile Female-1, etc. [If this is difficult, try another way to identify the

subject of your comments.] Describe at least one interaction/behavior, anything

from fast moving to just “lounging together” while grooming, etc. 5 points

3. Integrate key ideas from assigned readings* and clearly relate them to these

L.A. Zoo chimps. 5 points

4. Organize, proof read, and include a “mug shot” with admission ticket

2 points

TOTAL POINTS
15

* Required readings:

a. Review Ch. 7 (pp.167-68) and Ch. 8 (pp.180-89) for info on the primates,

in this case the chimpanzee

b. Read “The 2% Difference,” in ANNUAL EDITIONS: Physical

Anthropology 08/09 edition. See also in Discover Magazine, April 2006;

available on-line at http://discovermagazine.com/2006/apr/chimp-

genome.

ANNUAL EDITIONS (08/09)reference to the attendant. Make sure to read these selections before you go to the

Zoo.

B. KEEP IN MIND: When you walk up to any animal enclosure, the behavior

may appear to be erratic or random; maybe “nothing” is happening. However,

much of the behavior is patterned in response to a stimulus not necessarily evident

to us. Be patient. The best you can do is to carefully & accurately describe their

physical activity & note its context at the time. There is no magic bullet! Do your

best.

The Enclosure. If you include photos, do provide SHORT CAPTIONS. If you are

artistic, make a sketch of the enclosure and include it with your report. While there

is no ironclad page count for this project, please do not use pictures & drawings as

fillers! Your thoughts are paramount.

C. DRAFTING YOUR REPORT: After you have completed your observations,

go aside and carefully read over your notes. Are there any notable behavior

patterns, anything that indicates relationships, friendships, or pecking order? You

should draw on the physical characteristics of the chimpanzee provided in Ch. 8.

Integrate key information from the other required readings. Omit it and you will

lose points. Don’t fret; a good faith effort is what counts here.

D. ORGANIZING YOUR REPORT: A good report will be well organized

around the “Grading” topics. About four to five pages (double spaced) is

acceptable. This does NOT include your cover page, any photos, charts or maps.

Use one-inch margins and avoid “padding” with empty spaces between sections or

paragraphs. Most of all, sincere work and a true learning experience is what we

are after here. Your instructor’s “eagle eye” can spot the proverbial fluff and “b.s.”

Do a good job and shine!

 

 
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Wildlife

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Assignment 5

1. Loggerheads, like the ridley turtles, are diurnal nesters:

A. True

B. False

2. Loggerheads nest over the greatest geographic range of any sea turtle.

A. True

B. False

3. The scientific name for the Kemp’s ridley turtle is: ____________________________

4. Andres Herrera’s contribution to sea turtle knowledge and conservation was:

A. The protection of arribada sites in Costa Rica

B. The determination of the genetic origin of loggerhead populations

C. N one of the answers is correct.

D. The discovery of the “lost years” of the Kemp’s ridley

E. The discovery and recording of a Kemp’s ridley arribada.

5. In 1947, 40,000 Kemp’s ridley females were photographed on a nesting beach in Costa Rica. Sadly, by 1980, fewer than 300 females came ashore to nest

A. True

B. False

6. Japan is too far north (too cold) to permit loggerheads to nest on Japanese beaches

A. True

B. False

7. By 1990, biologists estimated that the number of female Kemp’s ridleys in the entire Gulf of Mexico numbered _________________, making it one of the most endangered species in the world.

A. Less than 100

B. There are no estimates of Kemp’s ridley numbers from this time period.

C. About2000

D. About500

8. During their “lost years”, loggerheads are at sea in ocean currents for 2-5 years.

A. True

B. False

9. Headstarting” turtles is controversial because of the ethical considerations regarding the skin grafts used for marking these young turtles

A. True

B. False

10. It takes about 25-35 years for a loggerhead to become a reproducing adult.

A. True

B. False

11. Unlike most other sea turtles, adult male Kemp’s ridleys do not migrate, and adult females rarely leave the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico.

A. True

B. False

12. The scientific name for the loggerhead turtle is: __________________________

13. One of the reasons that Kemp’s ridleys are vulnerable to overexploitation is that the bulk of nesting occurs along 29 miles of beach in Florida.

A. True

B. False

14. Mitochondrial DNA testing has provided a window into the lineage of the various populations of loggerheads around the world

A. True

B. False

15. Research indicates that one effect of shade from tall buildings in Florida on nesting beaches is cooler beaches, resulting in a higher proportion of ______________ nestlings compared to beaches without tall buildings

16. Since TEDs are now being used in many places throughout the world, fishing practices are no longer a significant mortality source for loggerhead adults.

A. True

B. False

17. The primary purpose of the “ridley dance” is:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUt-XqWs1iE

A. to scare away predators
B. to signal that this territory is taken
C. All of these answers are correct.
D. to compact the sand over the eggs
E. to display availability to male ridleys

18. Loggerheads are referred to as “keystone species” because they:

  dig up the bottom in foraging areas and thus alter the composition of the ocean bottom communities
  A. all of these answers are correct

B. transfer huge loads of ocean nutrients to the land around nesting beaches

C. provide habitat for symbionts as “living reefs”

D. distribute shells of prey (calcium) throughout their foraging areas

 

19. Kemp’s ridleys never leave the Gulf of Mexico.

A. True

B. False

20. The primary predator of loggerhead nests in the U.S. are
 
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Genetics Two Question

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Genetics 303 Dr. Joe Staton

Fourth exam—take home

Answer on separate paper, show all work, and be neat in the reporting of answers. STAPLE YOUR RESULTS!

 

1. In a human population, the genotype frequencies at one locus are 0.75 AA, 0.22 Aa, and 0.03 aa. What is the frequency

of the A allele [f(A)] and a allele [f(a)] for the population? Are they in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

 

2. Calculate the number of heterozygotes in a population with p = 0.65 and q = 0.35 (at time = 0). After 4 generations of

inbreeding between siblings (F = 0.25) in a population of 1000.

 

3. Human albinism is an autosomal recessive trait. Suppose that you find an isolated village in the Andes where seven

people are albino. If the population size of the village was 1777 and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg

equilibrium with respect to this trait, how many individuals are expected to be carriers (heterozygotes)?

 

4. A boatload of Swedish tourists, all of whom bear the MM blood group, is marooned on Haldane Island, where they are

met by an equally sized population of Islanders, all bearing blood group NN. In time, the castaways become

integrated into Island society. Assuming random mating, no mutation, no selection (based on blood group), and no

genetic drift, what would you expect the blood group distribution to be among 5000 progeny of the new Haldane

Island population?

 

5. You identify a population of mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on an island. Their coat color is controlled by a single

gene: BB mice are black, Bb mice are gray, and bb mice are white. You take a census of the population and record

the following numbers of mice:

Black 432

Gray 576

White 192

(a) What are the frequencies of the two alleles?

(b) What are the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium frequencies for these three phenotypes?

(c) A heat wave hits the island. All mice with black fur die from heat stroke, but the other mice survive. What are the new

allele frequencies for the population?

(d) If the population suffers no further cataclysms after the heat wave, and the surviving animals mate randomly, what will

be the frequency of mice with black fur in the next generation?

(e) If the climate is altered permanently, so that mice with black fur die before reproducing, which following statement is

correct?

(1) At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, f(B) will equal 0.135.

(2) The fitness of mice with gray fur (ωBb) must be equal to 0.5.

(3) The fitness of mice with black fur (ωBB) is 0.

(4) The B allele will disappear from the population in one generation.

(5) The B allele will disappear from the population in two generations.

 

6. Which of the following are requirements for evolution by natural selection? Explain your answer.

I Environmental change

II Differential survival and reproduction

III Heritability of phenotypic variation

IV Variation in phenotype

V Sexual reproduction

 

A) II, III, V B) II, III, IV C) I, II, IV D) III, IV, V E) II, IV, V

 

 

 

7. Which of the following processes is the source (origin) of genetic variation within populations?

A) Reproductive Isolation

B) Asexual reproduction

C) Selection

D) Mutation

E) Genetic drift

Explain your answer including a description of what the others do to variation.

 

8. If the population (14,926 in 2013) of folks in Perry, GA, have an f(a) = 0.1 and folks in Valdosta, GA, has a f(a) = 0.5,

then how many people from Valdosta, GA, would have to migrate to Perry to increase the population to at least

f(a) = 0.15?

 

9. What is the Ne of a population with the following annual censuses, [note the drop in size due to 2004 being an extreme

drought year]?

2001: 9,700

2002: 8,800

2003: 4,600

2004: 400

2005: 2,400

2006: 3,800

2007: 7,650

2008: 9,400

2009: 10,700

2010: 12,110

2011: 17,060

2012: 19,471

2013: 22,834

2014: 25,891

 

10. Consider the following populations that have the genotypes shown in the following table:

Population AA Aa aa

1 1.0 0.0 0.0

2 0.0 1.0 0.0

3 0.25 0.50 0.25

4 0.25 0.25 0.50

5 0.32 0.36 0.32

6 0.04 0.32 0.64

7 0.9025 0.095 0.0025

a. What are p and q for each population?

b. Which of the populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

c. Populations 1 and 2 have a tree fall across their islands so that individuals can cross. If equal numbers of the

individuals occur on each island, what is the new population’s allele frequencies and genotype frequencies

after one generation of random mating?

d. In population 3, the a allele is less fit than the A allele, and the A allele is incompletely dominant. The result

is that AA is perfectly fit (= 1.0), Aa has a fitness of 0.85, and aa has a fitness of 0.65. With no mutation or

migration, graph the allele frequency of the a allele for 10 generations under selection (e.g., Time 0 = q above,

Time 1 = first generation after selection)

e. In population 8, the population size gets radically reduced to 200 individuals, total. What is the most likely

fate of the “a” allele, and what genetic principle would lead you to believe that the case?

 

 

 

11. You are given the following genetic data matrix of distances for crustaceans calculated for a region of the mtDNA

called the 16S rDNA: Brine Shrimp Striped-leg hermit King Crab Soldier crab Flat-claw hermit Long-clawed hermit

Brine Shrimp ─

Striped-leg hermit 0.354 ─

King Crab 0.309 0.260 ─

Soldier crab (hermit) 0.321 0.268 0.067 ─

Flat-claw hermit 0.337 0.245 0.108 0.111 ─

Long-clawed hermit 0.312 0.249 0.090 0.096 0.044 ─

 

Calculate the average distance and draw the resulting UPGMA tree based on these distances. Write a brief interpretation

of the branching pattern in the tree.

 

12. You digest a linear piece of DNA with two restriction enzymes, BamH1 & Sma1, and get the following sized

fragments (in kb [kilobases]):

 

BamHI SmaI BamHI & SmaI

13 kb 11 kb 10 kb

6 kb 5 kb 5 kb

3 kb 3 kb

1 kb

Draw the appropriate restriction fragment map based on this data labeling all restriction sites.

 
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Properties Of Water Lab

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Name_________________ per____ date______ mailbox______

Properties of Water Lab

Water’s chemical formula is H2O. As the diagram to the left shows, that is one atom of oxygen bonded to two atoms of hydrogen. The hydrogen atoms are “attached” to one side of the oxygen atom, resulting in a water molecule having a positive charge on the side where the hydrogens reside and a negative charge on the other side, where the oxygen atom resides. This separation of charge on opposite ends of the molecule is called polarity. Since opposite

image1.png

electrical charges are attracted to one another, water molecules tend to be attracted to each other. This makes water tend to be

image2.jpg

kind of “sticky.” As the right-side diagram shows; the hydrogen end of the bottom water molecule’s (positive charge) is attracted to the oxygen end of the above water molecule’s (negative charge) and so on and so forth up the chain. This property of water is known as cohesion. All these water molecules attracting each other mean they tend to clump together. This is why water drops are, in fact drops! If it wasn’t for gravity, these drops would be ball shaped or spherical as is the case aboard the International Space Station.

Even if it doesn’t form a perfect sphere on Earth, we ought to be happy water has the properties it does. Indeed without these properties we could not exist. For instance, for many of the same reasons water is “sticky” it is also known as the “Universal Solvent” because it dissolves perhaps more substances than any other liquid on Earth. This means that wherever water goes, either through the ground, our bodies, the sky or oceans it carries with it valuable chemicals, like minerals and nutrients.

Ever wonder, how a water strider walks across the surface of a pond without sinking? The surface water bears a remarkable property. On the molecular scale, it acts like a stretched elastic membrane or “skin.” This property is referred to as surface tension and is largely due to cohesion between adjacent water molecules. It is caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer and the bulking up of the liquid below, tending to minimize surface area as molecules strive for the optimal pole to pole bonding arrangement. The whole effect causes tightness at the surface, which resists the step of a water strider’s foot, supports a leaf temporarily and causes water to bead up on windows, certain clothing or a duck’s back. It can slow the wetting process of certain fabrics and inhibit the cleaning process too.

Surface tension can however be reduced. Increase the water’s temperature and kinetic energy starts to move molecules about again, while also promoting evaporation. The water vapor now above can linger in transition grabbing at remaining water molecules along the surface boundary and tugging at them from above. Bring water to a boil and surface tension is all but lost.

The addition of substances such as soap or detergent (known as surfactants) can reduce surface tension by increasing the spreading and wetting properties of water. Surfactant molecules look like tadpoles. The head is hydrophilic meaning attracted to water and typically soluble. Meanwhile, the tail of

a surfactant is composed of fatty material that is insoluble in water and allows grease, oils or other fats to stick to it. This property of not dissolving in water makes it hydrophobic

image3.jpg

1

meaning to repel water. Surfactant molecules break cohesion and surface tension allowing water to contact more dirt particles, making fabrics wetter and allowing materials to be cleaned.

Water striders can walk on the surface of water despite having a density themselves greater than that of water. Meaning they ought to sink if not for water’s properties. However, surface tension and tiny hairs on their feet which are hydrophobic allow them to keep from getting wet and keeps them afloat.

1. Fill in the properties of water we investigate during this lab, from the reading above.

a. _____________ relating to the separation of charges in a molecule

b. _____________ meaning to repel water, literally “fear of water”

c. _____________ term for a chemical which can break surface tension

d. _____________ this term describes the force of attraction between adjacent water molecules.

e. _____________ meaning attracted to water or literally “water loving”

2. ______What is the property of water that describes a water molecule’s charge ?

a. polarity b. surface tension

c. cohesion

 

d. surfactant

3. ______What is the property of water that describes the force of attraction between water molecules?

a. polarity b. hydrophobic

c. cohesion

 

d. surfactant

4. ______What is the property of water allows a water strider to walk on the surface of water?

a. polarity b. surface tension

c. cohesion

 

d. adhesion

5. Definitions: use the reading.

Define: polarity- ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Define: cohesion- ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Define: surface tension-___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2

Water QUESTIONS

1. Explain why water is the universal solvent using a complete sentence. Use the word solubility or dissolve.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. What is a polar molecule? Explain. Use the words positive, negative and charge.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. Which end of the water molecule is negative? Which end is positive?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

image4.jpg image5.jpg

Fill in the blank:

Surface tension causes water to ______________________ on surface like glass.

Water molecules are _____________________ to other water by a process called cohesion.

Surfactants are used to break cohesion between water molecules, making surfaces wetter and allowing water to _____________ away dirt.

 

STATION 1: PENNY

1. Place a penny flat on the table.

2. Hypothesize – how many drops of water do you think the penny could hold before water spills over the edge? Experiment with the head side verses the tails side of the coins.

3. Using a dropper, count how many drops the penny holds until it spills over. Draw how the water appeared on the penny right before it spilled off.

 

Hypothesis – Estimated # of drops  Heads ________ Tails ________

 

Record the actual # of drops ________

 
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