BIOLOGY HELP

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1-The final shape of a protein is very important to its function. When proteins undergo an irreversible change in shape called ________________ they ________________ perform their usual functions.

  naturation/can
  naturation/cannot
  denaturation/can
  denaturation/cannot
  dehydration reaction/cannot

 

 

2-Which group of lipids will contain hydrophilic heads that face outwards and hydrophobic tails that face inwards that will form a barrier?

  phospholipids
  steroids
  triglycerides
  saturated acids
  trans-fatty acids

 

3-DNA codes for the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein, but not for sugars or lipids. This is because

  only proteins are involved in living metabolic reactions.
  sugars and lipids code for their own replication.
  sugars and lipids are ever present in the living environment and are not used in living structures.
  other hereditary molecules code for sugars and lipids.
  proteins are the main structural and functional components of cells.

 

4-Which statement about the cellular nucleic acids DNA and RNA is incorrect?

  DNA is double-stranded, and RNA is single-stranded.
  The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, and in RNA the sugar is ribose.
  DNA has a helix shape; RNA does not.
  RNA and DNA have the same four nitrogen-containing bases.
  Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides.

 

5-All carbohydrate molecules

  contain amino acids.
  contain nitrogen and phosphate.
  are organic acids.
  are composed of atoms of C, H, and the functional group -OH.
  are composed of atoms of C, H, O, and N.

 

6-Two molecules of glucose combine to form a disaccharide molecule during a(n) ________ reaction.

  dehydration
  hydrolysis
  hydrogen bond
  ionic bond
  inert

 

7-One carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to ___ other atoms to form an organic molecule.

  2
  3
  4
  6
  8

 

8-Enzymes are organic compounds classified as

  nucleic acids.
  carbohydrates.
  lipids.
  steroids.
  proteins.

 

9-Organic molecules

  always contain carbon.
  always contain hydrogen.
  always contain carbon and hydrogen.
  are found only in organisms, hence their name.
  are always food molecules.

 

10-The water strider is an insect that skates across the water without sinking. The tips of its feet must be coated with molecules that are

  ions.
  hydrophilic.
  hydrophobic.
  basic.
  acidic.

 

11-Nucleic acids are polymers of

  amino acids.
  nucleotides.
  glycerol.
  monosaccharides.
  fatty acids.

 

12-DNA codes for the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein, but not for sugars or lipids. This is because

  only proteins are involved in living metabolic reactions.
  sugars and lipids code for their own replication.
  sugars and lipids are ever present in the living environment and are not used in living structures.
  other hereditary molecules code for sugars and lipids.
  proteins are the main structural and functional components of cells.

 

 

13-The moon lacks life and varies dramatically in temperature. If we could keep a layer of water spread on the surface of the moon, what effect would it have?

  Life would be possible but it would have to withstand these extremes in temperature.
  Water would absorb and hold heat and moderate the temperature extremes.
  The temperatures would drop to the lower extremes.
  Because water has a high heat of vaporization, the temperatures would rise to the upper extremes.
  Physical conditions would remain the same.

 

 

14-____ is a polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls and accounts for their strength.

  Cellulose
  Chitin
  Glycogen
  Starch
  Cholesterol

 

 

 

15-The primary function of carbohydrates is

  quick fuel and short-term energy storage.
  structural reinforcement of plant and fungal cell walls.
  encoding the hereditary information.
  to speed chemical reactions in cells.
  to transport molecules across cell membranes.

 

16-Which of the following types of lipid is the most abundant constituent of cell membranes?

  cholesterol
  phospholipid
  triglyceride
  neutral fat
  fa
 
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Different biotechnology techniques.

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You will be watching some short films on using gene therapy to treat conditions in somatic cells.  You will submit your responses to the questions on BB as either a Word Doc or PDF file.

Something different.  Watch the two short videos about different biotechnology techniques.

https://youtu.be/ytz2Dn9qpDU

https://youtu.be/GGEiaDau7hU

Both of these discuss using gene therapy.  This technology has many benefits, however it is still very young.  As described in one of my lectures there are two types of gene therapy.  We hit on editing the gametes when we did our discussion post on CRISPR.  The type of therapy described in these videos goes over somatic gene therapy.

For this assignment you will give your opinion on somatic gene therapy.  In one to two paragraphs state your views on somatic gene therapy.  If you were personally affected with a condition that could be treated with gene therapy would you enroll in a clinical trial to try it knowing that it may not work and may have potential side effects?  What if it was your child that had a condition that could be treated with gene therapy and was offered a spot in a similar clinical trial?  If the therapy was only tested in model organisms, would you wait to see it tested in humans first?  If there another option like the use of human stem cells to test this therapy on before human trials?   You can justify your opinion on topics like severity of the disease, types of symptoms, age, percent success rate, and so on.  You are not limited to only talking about gene therapy used in eyes like in these videos.  You can research up on current gene therapies being offered too.  I am not picky on style, margins, font and so on.  You just need to justify your opinions on the topic.  Lack of reasoning will lead to deductions on your grade.  Remember that this is an opinion paper and I cannot count your opinion wrong.

 
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Lab: CSI Wildlife, Case 1

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Complete all the activities in this lab instruction packet: CSI Wildlife, Case 1. Work through the instruction packet step by step. Record your results directly in the worksheet as you progress through the questions.

For any sections that request that you “take notes”, the notes should be in your own words summarizing information learned. You should not copy and paste information from the Internet including media and resources accessed in this lab. Directly copying and pasting information is considered plagiarism in this course.

See attached worksheet

Lab: CSI Wildlife, Case 1

 

General Instructions

 

Be sure to read the general instructions from the Lessons portion of the class prior to completing this packet.

 

Background

 

The scenarios investigated are based on the recently published literature: Wasser, S. K., Brown, L., Mailand, C., Mondol, S., Clark, W., Laurie, C., & Weir, B. S. (2015). Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa’s major poaching hotspots. Science, 349(6243), 84–87. The underlying data are available on the Dryad Digital Repository: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.435p4.

 

Remember, DNA is made up of nucleotides and an allele is an alternative form of a gene which may be from mutation, but is found on the same place in a chromosome in individuals and functions similarly. If you are unfamiliar with these terms, make sure to review them in your book prior to completing the lab.

 

 

Specific Lab Instructions

 

Name:

Date:

 

Go to: CSI Wildlife on HHMI Biointeractive

 

Link: https://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/click/elephants/dna/index.html

 

Part 1: The Introduction

1. Read the instructions on the home page. Then, watch the opening video from the CSI Wildlife Introduction.

2. What is a keystone species?

Lab: CSI Wildlife, Case 1

 

Page 1 of 9

 

3. Dr. Wasser states that approximately 50,000 African elephants are killed each year. According to the video, it is estimated that there are around 470,000 African elephants. If these numbers are correct, approximately what percentage of African elephants are killed each year? (Show your work.)

 

4. In one or two sentences, summarize Dr. Wasser’s research and how it is being used to conserve elephants.

 

 

 

Part 2: Case One

1. Watch the crime scene video on the first slide of Case One. Explain the goal of the case.

 

2. Look at the map provided; in what type of location are the majority of African elephants located?

3. Proceed to the How DNA Profiling Works section.

a.

b. What does “STR” stand for and how are they important for identification?

 

c. Look at the gel on the screen. What do the bands on the agarose gel represent?

d. What is the purpose of the DNA ladder on the agarose gel?

 

e. DNA profiling is also called DNA fingerprinting. A common misconception about DNA fingerprinting is that the analysis has to do with actual fingerprints. Explain one similarity and one difference between a human being’s pattern of bands on an electrophoresis gel and a human fingerprint.

 

4.

5. Click on Technique.

a. List three sources to obtain elephant DNA for analysis.

 

b. Watch the animation on the polymerase chain reaction under Technique. What is the purpose of heating the DNA strand? What is the purpose of cooling the DNA strand?

 

c. What is the relationship between the size of a DNA fragment and the distance it migrates in the gel?

 

d. Why does DNA migrate to the positive electrode?

 

e. Run the gel in the Technique section by pressing the Start button. Which elephant (left or right) has both the largest and smallest fragments?       Approximately what size is the largest fragment (bp)?       Smallest?      .

6. Proceed to the Application section and look at the gel.

a. For Marker C, are the two elephants in the gel on the left homozygous or heterozygous? How do you know?

 

7. Read the Review section, and make sure you can answer the questions.

8.

9. Go to Finding a Match

a. Click on the “+” next to each marker. Compare the bands in the agarose gel from the unidentified elephant and the known elephants. Which elephant (there are two pages of them) matches the unidentified elephant?

10. Watch the video on the “Case Solved” slide.

a.

b. Name two properties of a good marker and explain why good markers are important.

 

Adapted from: Click and Learn “CSI Wildlife” (2016). CSI Wildlife Explorer Worksheet. HHMI Biointeractive Teaching Materials.

 
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Case Study a Infections of the Skin, Eyes, and Underlying Tissues

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MICROBIOLOGY

Case Study a

  1. Infections of the Skin, Eyes, and Underlying Tissues

It was so exciting! Caitlyn was the only freshman girl selected for Varsity Singers, her high school’s touring show choir. Their summer “retreat” was a six-day mega-rehearsal to learn all of the choreography for their upcoming show season. Monday through Saturday the week before school resumed, the 28 performers danced from 8 A M to 8 P M in their un-air-conditioned gymnasium. Caitlyn didn’t particularly mind the hot, humid rehearsal conditions, but sweating profusely in dance leotards every day was really starting to aggravate the acne on her shoulders and back. After a special preliminary performance for their families on Saturday night, Caitlyn showered and dressed to go home. It was then she discovered a very large, angry “pimple” that rubbed uncomfortably on the back waistband of her jeans. By morning, it was raised and the size of a dime. Caitlyn’s mother washed the

affected area, cleansed it with hydrogen peroxide, and applied an antibiotic ointment, telling her they would call the doctor tomorrow if it didn’t improve.

  1. What possible infections might Caitlyn have?
  2. What microbes would normally cause these infections? Are these microorganisms normal skin flora, pathogens, or both? Explain.

Monday morning, the first day of school, Caitlyn’s back was sore. “A great way to start high school,” she thought. Caitlyn’s mother took her to the pediatrician’s office right after school. The PA examined her back and was alarmed to see a lesion almost two inches in diameter. It was tender to the touch with poorly demarcated margins. The region was raised, warm, and Erythematous (reddened) with several smaller red lines radiating outward.

  1. What is your diagnosis? Describe the nature of this condition.

After consulting with the pediatrician, Keflex was prescribed for Caitlyn. She was sent home with instructions to monitor the infection. If it was not obviously improved by the next day, she was to return for reevaluation.

  1. To what class of antibiotics does Keflex belong? How does this drug work? What group of microbes is especially susceptible to it?

On Tuesday morning, Caitlyn went immediately to see her pediatrician. The lesion was the size of an egg and quite sore. Caitlyn also presented with a temperature of 38.4°C (101.2°F). Motrin and compresses were advised as comfort measures. The Keflex was continued and the lesion cultured for laboratory

analysis. Again, she was told to return if she didn’t notice improvement.

  1. How would you collect a specimen from Caitlyn’s lesion? Name several types of transport media commonly used. Why is it so important to appropriately transport a specimen to the microbiology laboratory?
  2. What media will likely be inoculated when this sample arrives in the laboratory? State your reason(s) for choosing the media you’ve indicated.
  3. In addition to media inoculation, what other procedure will be performed immediately using the specimen?

The preliminary Gram stain of the specimen showed many Gram-positive cocci in clusters. After 24 hours, the TSA with 5% sheep blood plate demonstrated pure growth of small, round, smooth, white, gamma-hemolytic colonies.  The same colony morphology was observed on the PEA (or CNA) plate with zero growth on the EMB (or MacConkey) plate. Colonies were also observed on the MSA plate, which was completely pink in color.

  1. What is meant by the term “pure growth”? What does it say regarding the quality of your specimen collection?
  2. Based upon these laboratory results, what microbe do you predict is causing Caitlyn’s infection? Explain. What two chemical tests would you perform next to verify your answer?

Colonies from the TSA plate were suspended in sterile saline and introduced into the Vitek II analyzer. It confirmed Staphylococcus epidermidis was the pathogen involved and indicated Keflex sensitivity.

HATS Off to MRSA b

They had toyed with the idea for years, and now, Jacob, Tony, and Tom had finally made their dream of a family business a reality. With Jacob’s computer expertise, Tom’s experience from his marketing internship, and Tony’s apprenticeship with a master painter, the three brothers were confident that “Color Your World Painters, Inc.” would be a successful business venture. After only six months, their Internet and local TV advertising had made them a household name in their community. Tony had to hire additional painters to handle their burgeoning workload. The brothers moved to a larger office, purchased improved equipment, and issued all employees uniforms and painter’s caps with their flashy new logo.

Business that summer was booming. The hot, sweaty paint crew worked from sun up to sun down every day. Upon returning to headquarters, they hung their caps on the wall, changed out their uniforms for street clothes, and collected nice fat paychecks. Jacob boasted smugly that things couldn’t be better…until one morning Tony didn’t show up for work. Annoyed, Jacob grabbed a uniform and Tony’s hat, got the painters organized, and took his brother’s place on the work crew while Tom tried to track down Tony. Tom’s second phone call reached his five-year-old niece, who was answering her mother’s cell phone. In a small and tearful voice, she told her uncle that they were at the hospital and daddy was

very sick because he had slime leaking out of his head. Confident that his niece’s imagination had run away with her, Tom reassured the little girl and told her he would be right there. Tom left a voicemail message on Jacob’s cell phone and headed to the hospital. When he met his sister-in-law, Julia, Tom was shocked to find his brother was in surgery. Stunned, Tom listened to Julia describe the events of the last few days. Out of embarrassment, Tony never mentioned to his brothers that he periodically suffered from boils around his hairline when working under hot, humid conditions. Two days ago, when Tony noticed the first few boils appear, he assumed it was just a recurrence of his seasonal problem. But, after 24 hours, Tony was becoming concerned. This was the worst case he had ever experienced. He had at least a dozen boils on the back of his neck and into his hairline. Despite his discomfort, Tony continued work without complaint, although he secretly blamed his problem on wearing the new company cap that made him sweat more around his hairline.

That evening, Tony showed Julia his neck and asked her to help him disinfect and bandage the area. His frightened wife pleaded with him to go to the emergency room, but Tony flatly refused. Number one, they didn’t have health insurance and he certainly did want to run up a bill. But number two, Tony was not about to be humiliated by going to the hospital for something so simple. In his mind, boils could hardly be considered life-threatening. Julia gently cleansed the area for her husband, counting 13 boils the size of a dime or larger. Tony winced in pain.

  1. What microbes commonly cause boils?
  2. What is another name for a boil?
  3. What is the incubation time for boil development?
  4. What factors are facilitating Tony’s problem?
  5. What at-home cleansing and treatment options would you have recommended Julia try?

line. Tony found it humorous that his “gooey zits” got quick attention at an ED known for its long wait times. Dr. Bergmann, an infectious disease physician, examined Tony, noting heat, extreme erythema, folliculitis, 15 boils ~1–2 cm in diameter, some draining copious amounts of pus, and numerous seeping  ulcerations. Dr. Bergmann applied a topical anesthetic before lancing several boils for culture. He ordered four sets of blood cultures drawn, started broad spectrum IV antibiotics, and immediately scheduled Tony for surgical debridement of his infection.

  1. Why did the doctor lance boil to collect a specimen for culture when many others were already draining pus?
  2. Why did Dr. Bergmann start Tony on antibiotics even though he didn’t know the microbe involved or its drug sensitivity?
  3. Why were blood cultures ordered?
  4. Why was Tony a candidate for immediate surgery?

Tom and Julia sat for about an hour in the waiting room before Dr. Bergmann arrived with an update on Tony’s condition. Preliminary Gram stain results from the lab confirmed Gram-positive clusters of cocci in Tony’s boils. Due to the extensive tissue damage, Dr. Bergmann confided to the family that he suspected community acquired-MRSA. Although Tony was “resting uncomfortably,” the surgical debridement of a 3.5 cm  10 cm area was a success. Tony would receive a three-week course of IV vancomycin before being permitted to return to work.

  1. What common skin microbes demonstrate this Gram morphology and staining?
  2. What does MRSA stand for?
  3. What is the difference between community acquired-MRSA and hospital acquired-MRSA?
  4. How does the resistance demonstrated by this organism differ from the resistance it typically shows to penicillin?
  5. Why is vancomycin a good treatment choice when penicillin and methicillin are ineffective?
  6. What complications are associated with IV vancomycin treatment?
  7. Tony’s infection progressed rapidly and resulted in substantial soft tissue damage. Why is MRSA able to cause this problem?
 
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