Experiment 11: Skeletal System of the Fetal Pig In this exercise you will become familiar with the skeletal system of the fetal pig. Because the fetal pig had not reached its full gestation, many of the bones have not fully developed, but are instead still cartilaginous. Still, we can look at this structures to gain a better understanding of the axial and appendicular skeletons, along with the joints.     Materials Fetal Pig Dissection Tray Dissection Tools Kit String (should still be tied onto pig’s hooves)           Procedure 1. To begin, lay your underpad down and place your dissecting tray on top of it. Lay out your dissecting tools. Be sure you have all of your safety equipment on before beginning the experiment. 2. Once prepared, gently open the bag your pig is in. Note: DO NOT destroy this bag or empty out the preserving solution within the bag, you will need it for the whole semester. 3. Lay your pig into the dissecting tray, dorsal side facing up. Slide the strings over the dissection tray to hold the pig in place. 4. Look at Figure 21 displaying the skeletal system of a grown pig. Notice the similarities and differences between that of your human skeleton and that of the pig. 5. Figure 21:  The pig skeleton 6. Due to the rigidity of your pig, it typically will not stay in this position on its own so you will need to hold it while you examine the skeletal system. 7. Begin by examining, through the skin, the axial skeleton as shown in Figure 21. Feel the bones of the skull, then continue down the vertebral column feeling the vertebrae along the way. Notice that the tail of the pig is composed of caudal vertebrae. Note your observations in Table 34. 8. Slide the strings off of the dissection tray and gently turn your pig ventral side up. Slide the strings back under the dissection tray after the pig is correctly positioned. 9. Feel the thoracic cage of the pig. Though you will not cut into the pig today, feel the similarities that occur between the fetal pig and the human skeleton model. Note your observations in Table 34. 10. Turn your attention to the appendicular skeleton. The pig’s four appendages correlate to the human arms and legs. Use Figure 21 as a guide to try and feel the different bones of the arms and legs (humerus, femur, tibia, etc.). Note your observations in Table 34. 11. In Figure 21, look at the pelvic girdle of the pig. This structure appears noticeably different than that of a human. However, the innominate bones of the pig are created by the ilium, ischium and pubis. 12. Focus your attention on the joints of the pig. The pig should be fairly rigid due to the preservation fluids. However, you should still attempt to produce the movements created by synovial joints on the pig (e.g., flexion, rotation, etc.). Notice the joints at which these movements are possible. Do they correlate to human movement? Note your observations in Table 34. 13. Take a photograph of your pig in the dissection tray for the upload document. Make sure that your name is written on a piece of paper that is clearly visible in the background of the photograph. 14. You are now finished with the external observations of the skeletal system. Remember that as you dissect into your pig, you will be able to touch and feel the bones of the skeletal system. As the dissection progresses, always take note of the bones present within the fetal pig. 15. To finish, locate the bag the pig came in. Gently place the pig back into the bag and tightly secure the bag with a rubber band, or place in the zip-seal bag provided in the dissection box. 16. Place the pig back into the cool environment you had previously stored it in. Remember, the best place to keep the pig is in a cool, dark place. 17. After your pig has been put away, clean off your dissecting tray and dissection tools with soap and water. There should not be any biological scraps because you did not cut into the pig. However, biological scraps should not be thrown into the garbage. 18. Clean the area in which you worked with soap and water as well. As long as the underpad has not been damaged, keep it for future experiments.   Figure 22:  Palpate the skeleton of the fetal pig using gloved hands.   Table 34: Skeletal Region Observations Skeletal Region Observations Axial Skeleton   Appendicular Skeleton   Joints

 

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11.   Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?

a.	Digestion
b.	Glycolysis
c.	Oxidation
d.	Citric acid cycle

 

 

12.   A nurse is teaching the staff about the three phases of cellular catabolism. Which of the following should the nurse include?

a.	Digestion, glycolysis and oxidation, and the citric acid cycle
b.	Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport
c.	S phase, G phase, and M phase
d.	Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion

 

 

13.   A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance?

a.	Electron-transport chain
b.	Aerobic glycolysis
c.	Anaerobic glycolysis
d.	Oxidative phosphorylation

 

 

14.   The faculty member asked the student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of small, electrically uncharged molecules through a semipermeable barrier. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching?

a.	Osmosis
b.	Diffusion
c.	Hydrostatic pressure
d.	Active transport

 

 

15.   A nurse is teaching a patient about fluid and electrolytes. Which of the following indicates the teaching was successful regarding electrolytes? Electrolytes are:

a.	Small lipid-soluble molecules
b.	Large protein molecules
c.	Micronutrients used to produce ATP
d.	Electrically charged molecules

 

 

16.   A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by:

a.	Concentration of sodium
b.	Plasma proteins
c.	Hydrostatic pressure
d.	Availability of membrane transporter proteins

 

 

17.   A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring:

a.	Osmolality
b.	Osmolarity
c.	Osmotic pressure
d.	Oncotic pressure

 

 

18.   In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include regarding cholesterol?

a.	Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen.
b.	Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which reduces its ability to carry hemoglobin.
c.	Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which allows binding of excess glucose.
d.	Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which prolongs its life span beyond 120 days.

 

 

19.   A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the nurse describing?

a.	Hydrostatic pressure
b.	Osmosis
c.	Diffusion
d.	Active transport

 

 

20.   A patient who has diarrhea receives a hypertonic saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?

a.	Cells will become hydrated.
b.	Cells will swell or burst.
c.	Cells will shrink.
d.	Cells will divide.

 

 

21.   A nurse is teaching a patient with diabetes how glucose is transported from the blood to the cell. What type of transport system should the nurse discuss with the patient?

a.	Active-mediated transport (active transport)
b.	Active diffusion
c.	Passive osmosis
d.	Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)

 

 

22.   How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?

a.	By passive electrolyte channels
b.	By coupled channels
c.	By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
d.	By diffusion

 

 

23.   Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells?

a.	Because potassium has a greater concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF)
b.	Because sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF)
c.	Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
d.	Because there is an excess of anions inside the cell

 

 

24.   The ion transporter that moves Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport?

a.	Biport
b.	Uniport
c.	Antiport
d.	Symport

 

 

25.   During which process can lysosomal enzymes be released to degrade engulfed particles?

a.	Endocytosis
b.	Pinocytosis
c.	Phagocytosis
d.	Exocytosis

 

 

26.   A nurse is teaching the staff about cholesterol. Which information should be taught? The cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on:

a.	Active-mediated transport
b.	The antiport system
c.	Receptor-mediated endocytosis
d.	Passive transport

 

 

27.   Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic division occurs. What is this cell cycle phase called?

a.	G1
b.	S
c.	M
d.	G2

 

 

28.   What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential?

a.	Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
b.	Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
c.	Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.
d.	Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.

 

 

29.   A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is –70 millivolts. The predominant intracellular ion is Na⁺, and the predominant extracellular ion is K⁺. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential?

a.	K+ rushing into the cell
b.	Na+ rushing into the cell
c.	Na+ rushing out of the cell
d.	K+ rushing out of the cell

 

 

30.   A nurse is teaching the staff about platelet-derived growth factor. Which information should the nurse include? Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the production of:

a.	Platelets
b.	Epidermal cells
c.	Connective tissue cells
d.	Fibroblast cells

 

 

31.   The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is referred to as:

a.	Anaphase
b.	Telophase
c.	Prophase
d.	Metaphase

 

 

32.   What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction?

a.	Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development
b.	Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle
c.	Restrain cell growth and development
d.	Provide nutrients for cell growth and development

 

 

33.   A biopsy of the lung bronchi revealed ciliated epithelial cells that are capable of secretion and absorption. These cells are called _____ columnar epithelium.

a.	Simple
b.	Ciliated simple
c.	Stratified
d.	Pseudostratified ciliated

 

 

34.   The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as:

a.	Sodium
b.	Potassium
c.	Chloride
d.	Glucose

 

 

35.   The student is reviewing functions of the cell. The student would be correct in identifying the primary function of the nerve cell as:

a.	Sensory interpretation
b.	Conductivity
c.	Maintenance of homeostasis
d.	Communication

 

 

36.   The student is studying for a pathophysiology exam and is trying to remember the definition of amphipathic. The student should choose which of the following to be correct?

a.	All cells have a membrane that is composed of lipids.
b.	Cells have organelles that have specialized function.
c.	Molecules are polar with one part loving water and one part hating water.
d.	Cells have receptor sites that other substances attach to and create additional functions.

 

 

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

 

1.   A nurse recalls that the four basic types of tissues are (select all that apply):

a.	Nerve
b.	Epithelial
c.	Mucosal
d.	Connective
e.	Skeletal
f.	Muscle

 

 

2.   Characteristics of prokaryotes include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

a.	They contain no organelles.
b.	Their nuclear material is not encased by a nuclear membrane.
c.	They contain a distinct nucleus.
d.	They contain histones.
e.	They contain a cellular membrane.

 

 

 

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