am: 412757RR Group Medical Expense Benefits

 

1. Because Dr. Roberts participates in an IPA, what type of patients can she see?

A. Only Medicare and Medicaid patients

B. Any patient she wants to see

C. Only patients who have been assigned to her

D. HMO patients

 

2. HMOs and PPOs are examples of

A. point-of-service plans.

B. Medicaid.

C. the Blues.

D. managed care plans.

 

3. Julio wants data to compare the performance of three different managed care plans before he chooses one for his company. Which one of the following tools will be most effective for his employees?

A. National Committee for Quality Insurance

B. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations

C. Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set

D. Utilization Review Accreditation Commission

 

4. An employer wishes to be assured that employees aren’t seeking unneeded medical care. One approach to that objective is

A. MSAs.

B. self-management.

C. HIPC.

D. indemnity.

 

5. Bob is insured under a managed care plan. Under this plan, which one of the following tasks is he allowed to do?

A. Go to any doctor he wants

B. Avoid review requirements

C. Participate in a weight-control program

D. Go to any hospital he wants

 

6. Continental Company employs 22 people—14 males and 8 females. According to the Model Act, this company would be considered a/an _______ employer.

A. discriminatory

B. growing

C. small

D. well-balanced

 

7. Mary goes to the doctor and pays for her visit. When she gets home, she must fill out a form and submit it to the insurance company so she can be reimbursed. What type of insurance does she most likely have?

A. Indemnity

B. HMO

C. POS

D. The Blues

 

8. Suppose an employee’s 18-year-old son has group medical insurance as a dependent of the employee. Which one of the following reasons would cause the son to lose his insurance benefits?

A. The son graduates from high school.

B. The employee becomes divorced.

C. The son joins the Navy.

D. The son moves away to attend college.

 

9. A new mom delivered her healthy baby by cesarean section on Monday at 8 p.m. Her insurance company has told her doctor that if she goes home on Wednesday by 8 p.m., it will provide a visit by a nurse to the new mom’s home. Is the insurance company able to offer this benefit? Why or why not?

A. Yes, the insurance company may offer this as an option to staying in the hospital because hospital expenses are remarkably high.

B. No, the Newborns’ and Mothers’ Health Protection Act makes it mandatory that a new mom with a cesarean section remain in the hospital for a full 96 hours after delivery.

C. No, the Newborns’ and Mothers’ Health Protection Act doesn’t allow extra benefits for patients who don’t use the 96 hours of allowed recovery time in the hospital unless those who stay receive it as well.

D. Yes, the new mom is allowed to have a nurse come to her home because she didn’t use the full allowed amount of recovery time in the hospital.

 

10. According to a Supreme Court ruling in 1949, _______ now have a role in employee benefits.

A. unions

B. insurance companies

C. senior management

D. all employees

 

11. In most states, if a woman who’s covered by a managed care plan believes that she’s pregnant, she should first call her

A. obstetrician, because she doesn’t need preauthorization for care.

B. primary care physician, to make an appointment so that she can be referred to an obstetrician.

C. managed care plan, to get preauthorization for care.

D. employer, to get preauthorization for care.

 

12. A contributing factor to the rise in health care costs from the 1970s to the 1990s is

A. Medicaid.

B. Medicare.

C. AIDS.

D. SIDS.

 

13. When Blue Cross first began, it was in the business of providing coverage for

A. prescriptions.

B. hospitalization.

C. physician care for the elderly.

D. physician care for the financially needy.

 

14. Which one of the following types of review is conducted after a patient has already been treated for the purpose of determining if the treatment was appropriate?

A. Reactive

B. Retrospective

C. Concurrent

D. Prospective

 

15. In the 1990s, the major shift in health care was that most employees were now

A. covered by an indemnity plan.

B. responsible for paying for their own insurance.

C. covered under a traditional insurance plan.

D. covered under a managed care plan.

 

16. In the 1960s, the main cause of the dramatic rise in health care coverage was the

A. introduction of Medicare and Medicaid.

B. introduction of HMOs.

C. increase in employee benefits.

D. Depression.

 

17. Which accrediting organization would be most likely to post HMO and POS reports on the Internet?

A. NCQA

B. URAC

C. JCAHO

D. HEDIS

 

18. Bev has an HMO that allows her to see a specialist without going through her primary care physician. What type of HMO does Bev have?

A. Group-model

B. Closed-panel

C. Direct-access

D. Staff-model

 

19. The medical expense insurance-like organizations that eventually came to be called Blue Cross plans were initially run by

A. physicians.

B. employers.

C. charity organizations.

D. hospitals.

 

20. Company X must make sure that it provides HMO coverage as an option in its benefit-selection process. What act would require Company X to do this?

A. Financial Services Modernization Act

B. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

C. Health Maintenance Organization Act

D. Americans with Disabilities Act

 

 

 

 

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Biology 1406

Photosynthesis Lab

 

Objectives:

· Observe oxygen produced by photosynthesis

· Determine pigments in plants that allow for photosynthesis

 

 

Terms:

· Chromatography

· Photosynthesis

· Autotroph

 

Materials Needed:

 

 

Exercise 1

· 4 large beakers or clear bowls/cups

· 4 small beakers or clear bowls/cups

· Light source (lamp or window)

· Fresh spinach (or other soft) leaves

· Baking soda

· Paper towel

 

 

 

Exercise 2

 

· 1 Tall beaker or glass

· Pencil or pen

· Coin (quarter, nickel, dime or penny)

· Paper towel

· Coffee filter

· Fresh spinach (or other soft, dark green) leaf

· Rubbing alcohol

· Tape (or something else to secure filter)

· Plastic wrap (not necessary but helpful)

 

 

 

Introduction

 

Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms make their own food in the form of glucose using light energy from the sun and carbon dioxide. Autotrophic organisms include; plants, some bacteria and some protists (eukaryotic organisms such as algae). Photosynthesis takes 6 carbon dioxides, 6 water molecules and energy from sunlight to form a single glucose and 6 oxygen molecules (see figure 1).

Autotrophic organisms will then utilize the glucose produced for cellular respiration to get ATP from it. The only difference in cellular respiration in autotrophs versus heterotrophs (organisms who consume other plants and animals for energy) is where the glucose for cellular respiration comes from. Autotrophs get their glucose from photosynthesis while heterotrophs must eat another organism to obtain a glucose for cellular respiration.

 

Figure 1: Photosynthesis equation. Showing the reactions uses 6 carbon dioxides, 6 water molecules and energy from the sun to form glucose and 6 oxygen molecules.

(Image source: Professor Mello)

Exercise 1: Photosynthesis

 

First we will look at photosynthesis in plants. In this experiment you will compare the amount of photosyn- thesis produced by spinach leaves under varying conditions such as water with baking soda added. Baking soda when placed in water will release carbon dioxide molecules into the water.

Procedure 1—

1. Obtain 4 large beakers or clear bowls/cups. And 4 small beakers or clear cups/bowls. The key here is that you want the smaller beakers/bowls to fit inside the larger ones and you need enough room that you can turn the small beaker upside down while its inside the larger beaker. Meaning you want to be able to put the small beaker inside the larger facing up. Then turn the small beaker upside down without pulling it out of the larger beaker to do so.

2. In one of the large beakers fill it about 3/4 of the way full with regular water. You want the water lever in the large beaker to be taller than the smaller beaker.

3. Fill the remaining 3 beakers with the same amount of water that you filled the first.

4. Label one beaker control light, and one control dark, set them both aside. These two beakers will just have regular water in them.

5. To the next beaker add a tablespoon of baking soda and stir to dissolve.

6. Continue to add baking soda to the beaker one table spoon at a time, stirring in-between tablespoons, until the water becomes slightly cloudy.

7. Add the same number of tablespoons of baking soda to the remaining beaker.

8. Label one beaker light, and one dark.

9. Take one of the control beakers, place it on a paper towel, towel, or in a sink, to prevent a mess occurring for the next couple of steps as water may splash out.

10. Place a small beaker in one of the control beakers face up

11. Place 3 spinach leaves inside the submerged small beaker.

12. Carefully turn the smaller beaker upside down while keeping it submerged in water. You want to prevent any air from getting inside the small beaker

13. If your spinach leaves float out carefully stuff them back up underneath the small beaker without getting any air bubbles in the smaller beaker. If air bubbles occur turn the small beaker right side up, remove the air bubbles and try again. See figure 2 for an example of what the completed setup should look like.

14. Repeat this process for the remaining 3 beakers.

15. Place the control dark and dark beakers in a cabinet or under a cover to keep them in the dark.

16. Place the control light and light beakers in a window sill or by a bright light.

17. Observe the small beakers for bubbles once every 5 minutes for 20 minutes.

18. Rank the amount of bubbles on a scale of 0-5. 0 = no bubbles, 5 = lots of bubbles.

19. Record the results in the student handout portion of the lab.

 

 

 

Figure 2. Image A shows the setup using a measuring cup and a small bowl instead of beakers. Image B shows the setup using two beakers. Image c shows that there are no bubbles in the smaller beaker/bowl with initial setup. Image D shows what the bubbles will look like as they form over time.

(Image source: Professor Mello)

 

Exercise 2: Chromatography

 

Photosynthetic organisms capture the energy from sunlight utilizing pigments. Plant leaves tend to have multiple pigement types in them so they can absorb multiple wavelengths of light. These pigments are what give plant leaves their colors. Most plants have pigments that absorb all wavelengths except for green light. Green light is instead reflected back or transmitted which is why most plants appear green. All things that we see as color reflect back the wavelength of light you see and absorb or transmit (allow to pass through) all other colors.

So if a shirt is red its either absorbing or transmitting all wavelengths of light except red. The red wavelength is being reflected back and that is what your eyes see. Black and white colors are the exception to this. A black tshirt absorbs all wavelengths of light so black is actually the absence of color wavelengths being reflected into your eye. While a white shirt reflects all wavelengths of light, your brain process all wavelengths being reflected together as white. This is why black shirts can be much hotter than other color of shirts on a sunny day, the black shirt absorbs all of the light energy, a white shirt is generally the coolest color of shirt to wear on a hot day as it reflects of all the sun’s energy.

In this procedure we will separate the pigments in spinach leaves so you can see how many pigments the plant uses to perform photosynthesis.

 

 

Procedure:

 

1. Obtain a tall cup or beaker.

 

2. Obtain a coffee filter or piece of chromatography paper. Cut it into long rectangular strip that is an inch wide and long enough to reach from the top of your beaker to the bottom (see figure 3 for an example setup). Try to touch the strip you cut by the edges, oils on your hands can be absorbed by the paper and mess up the experiment.

3. Measure half an inch up from the bottom of the strip and place a spinach leaf on it.

 

4. Use a coin to rub the spinach leave over the line multiple times until the green from the leaf has been

rubbed into the paper, see figure 3 for an example.

 

5. Tape the top of the strip (part furtherest away from your green spinach line) to a pencil or pen and hang it inside the beaker (see figure 3 for an example of setup).

6. Carefully pour rubbing alcohol into the bottom of the beaker you want enough to get the bottom of the strip wet but not enough to cover the green spinach line.

7. Place a plastic wrap over the top of the beaker to help prevent evaporation.

 

8. Allow the experiment to run until the alcohol is about an inch from the top of the strip.

 

9. Remove the strip from the container and observe the different pigment lines.

 

10. Identify which pigments you see using figure 3 as a reference.

 

 

 

Figure 3. Image A shows the chromatography strip with a quarter and spinach leaf ready to be used. Image B shows the spinach

leaf about an inch up on the paper and the quarter is about to be used to rub the spinach. Image c shows the quarter rubbing a line along the spinach leaf to transfer pigment. Image D shows the green leaf pigment that has been transferred to the paper

successfully. Image E shows the complete final setup with the chromatography paper attached to a pen and hanging in a beaker.

Notice the bottom of the paper touches the bottom of the beaker.

(Image source: Professor Mello)

 

Name:

 

Biology 1406

Lab 1: Student Handout

 

Exercise 1 Photosynthesis

Rank the amount of bubbles on a scale of 0-5. 0 = no bubbles, 5 = lots of bubbles. Record your observations in the table below.

 

Treatment	0 min	5 min	10 min	15 min	20 min
Control Dark
Dark
Control light
Light

 

 

1. Which treatment(s) produced the most bubbles? Why?

 

 

 

 

 

2. Which treatment(s) produced the least bubbles? Why?

 

 

 

 

 

3. What was the purpose of the baking soda? Why was it necessary for photosynthesis?

 

Exercise 2 Chromatography

Draw your completed chromatography strip below and label the pigments. You may use colored pencils if available or draw it in black and white labeling the color of each line as well as the pigment.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Why do plants utilize multiple pigments for photosynthesis? What is the benefit or drawback of using multiple?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. What color does each of the pigments you saw reflect back? What color(s) do they each absorb?

 

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