Question

Question 11 pts

A puff of air in the eye naturally causes an eye blink response. The puff of air is the _____ and the eye blink is the _____

conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus.

unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response.

unconditioned response; conditioned response.

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response.

Question 21 pts

In the case of the dogs Pavlov observed, the _____ was the unconditioned response and the _____ was the conditioned response.

food; bell

food; salivation

salivation; salivation

bell; salivation

Question 31 pts

After a conditioned response has been extinguished and a period of time has passed, _____ may occur in response to the original conditioned stimulus; however, it will be in _____ form.

higher-order conditioning; stronger

generalization; weaker

spontaneous recovery; weaker

generalization; stronger

Question 41 pts

In the “Little Albert” study, the fear-producing stimulus used as an unconditioned stimulus was the _____.

white rat

loud noise

fear of the rat

fear of the noise

Question 51 pts

Rescorla’s modern concept of classical conditioning is based on the idea that _____

the CS substitutes for the US.

there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and US.

the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US.

reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event.

Question 61 pts

Bui wants to condition his lab rat to fear drinking orange-flavored water. He pairs a mild shock with the drinking of flavored water. He wants the rat to associate the unconditioned stimulus, the shock, with drinking the water. How could he be most successful?

Raise the shock to as strong as he can.

Choose a different neutral/conditioned stimulus.

Use a mouse instead of a rat.

Color the water a disgusting color, too.

Question 71 pts

The notion that behaviors with desirable outcomes will likely be repeated is part of _____

classical conditioning.

modeling.

the law of effect.

insight learning.

Question 81 pts

Billy taught two rats how to play basketball for his experimental psychology class. What process did he likely use?

operant conditioning

shaping

reinforcement

punishment

Question 91 pts

Negative reinforcement will _____ a behavior.

increase

decrease

punish

not change

Question 101 pts

When the number of responses is important to the schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a(n) _____ schedule.

ratio

interval

conditioned

time-delayed

Question 111 pts

A framework for studying memory that uses the computer as a model of human cognitive processes defines the _____

levels-of-processing theory.

information-processing theory.

sociocultural theory of memory.

social-cognitive theory.

Question 121 pts

_____ holds information brought in through our senses but only for a very brief amount of time.

Long-term memory

Sensory memory

Short-term memory

Working memory

Question 131 pts

Short-term memory usually codes information according to _____

visual image.

sound.

tactile properties.

shape.

Question 141 pts

The event that occurs when short-term memory is filled to capacity, and each new, incoming item pushes out an existing item, which is then forgotten, is called _____

suppression.

reconstruction.

retrograde amnesia.

displacement.

Question 151 pts

There is no known limit to our _____

metamemory.

working memory.

long-term memory.

short-term memory.

Question 161 pts

Yvette just took a history exam that consisted of three essay questions. By giving essay questions, Yvette’s professor measured her _____

recognition.

recall.

relearning ability.

savings.

Question 171 pts

Adam studies his psychology material using note cards. He writes questions on the front of the card and the answers on the back of the card. After he has a stack of note cards completed, he studies them one by one, over and over again. Based on memory research, which of the following statements should NOT be made to Adam to help him maximize his studying?

“Adam, your memory for the last few cards will be better than for the middle group of cards.”

“Hey, Adam, don’t be surprised that you have a better memory for the first few cards.”

“Adam, this is not such a great study technique. You’ll be better off just reading over your notes.”

“Adam, make sure to shuffle your cards after a while.”

Question 181 pts

In memory, _____ is an account of an event that has been pieced together from a few highlights.

the serial position effect

a flashbulb memory

the context effect

reconstruction

Question 191 pts

Nicole feels she will not forget the emotions she felt upon hearing of the attacks on America on September 11th. She remembers very vividly what she was doing, who she was with, what was said, and what emotions she experienced. Nicole has a _____ for that tragic event.

hippocampal memory

flashbulb memory

repressed memory

reconstructed memory

Question 201 pts

Maggie memorized the speech she wrote for her business presentation. Because she was confident that she knew it, she went to bed knowing she would remember the speech just as well the next day when she was scheduled to give it. Based on memory research, what advice would you give Maggie?

Go over the speech again tomorrow anyway.

Stay up tonight so you don’t forget it in your sleep.

You will probably remember every word for a week.

Drink a pot of coffee now, and have a cup before class.

 

"Looking for a Similar Assignment? Get Expert Help at an Amazing Discount!"

 

Opioid Crisis in Winston-Salem, NC

Professor Feedback:

 

Mara: There is no clear identification of option 2 in the title. Your outline gives a good idea of what you will need to cover in the final project and is detailed enough (more than the assigned 2 pages). It shows the logic of your analysis of opioid abuse in Winston-Salem. You cited several appropriate sources. It is clearly organized in Symptoms, Diagnosis, Cure, and Prevention sections, and is written correctly as an outline. APA is ok.

 

I. Introduction

A. Opioid crisis entails extensive opioid overuse from medical and non-medical prescriptions

B. This issue started in the late 1990s, following the increased prescription of opioids for the management of pain. It led to an increase in the usage of opioids, both prescription and non-prescription, throughout the U.S in subsequent years (Guy Jr, Zhang, Bohm, Losby, Lewis, Young & Dowell, 2017).

C. Winston-Salem, North Carolina, is not excluded from this opioid crisis.

a. Winston-Salem is a city in Forsyth County. According to Briker (2008), the town emerged following the merger of Winston and Salem towns in 1913.

D. Thesis: Opioid crisis is a significant public health issue in Winston-Salem, calling for action.

II. Body paragraphs

A. Symptoms

a. The issue affects mostly non-Hispanic whites aged 18 and above.

i. People aged 26 years and older are the most frequent users of prescription opioids, while the age group with the highest non-medical opioids use is young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 (Green, 2017).

b. The signs of symptoms of this crisis among individuals include dependence on opioids, prioritization of acquisition and use of opioids over other activities such as school and work, and weight loss. Other symptoms include lack of hygiene, drowsiness, isolation from family and friends, engaging in risky behaviors, being nervous, losing interest in activities previously enjoyed, and experiencing financial hardships (Green, 2017).

c. In the community, the symptoms indicate that opioid use has become a crisis include increased health care and criminal justice costs (Birnbaum, White, Schiller, Waldman, Cleveland & Roland, 2011).

B. Diagnosis

a. One of the primary roots of the opioid crisis is the initiation of opioids for pain management (Green, 2017).

i. Increased number of people affected by chronic pain pushed the use of painkilling opioids.

b. Continued use of opioids beyond doctor prescriptions to minimize pain or induce eutrophic feelings (Green, 2017).

c. Opioids are inexpensive to acquire.

i. When compared to alternative intervention for pain management such as physical therapy, opioids are relatively inexpensive (Green, 2017).

d. Other communities affected by this opioid crisis include Lockbourne in Pickaway County, Ohio, and Kermit in Mingo County in West Virginia.

e. Measures to address this issue by these communities:

i. Providing education and distributing naloxone (Palombi, Olivarez, Bennett & Hawthorne, 2019)

ii. Educating members of the community on safe usage, storing, and discarding of prescription medication

iii. Providing support for community members in the recovery process (Palombi et al., 2019)

C. Cure

a. Pharmacological treatment

i. Medications too address the issue includes opioid agonists such as methadone, acetate, and levomethadyl, opioid antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone, and non-opioid medication including clonidine and lofexidine (Veilleux, Colvin, Anderson, York & Heinz, 2010).

b. Psychosocial treatment

i. Biofeedback, cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychodynamic therapies improve relapses and treatment retention (Veilleux et al., 2010).

c. Precision Addiction Management has been suggested as an approach to the effectively compact opioid crisis (Blum, Gondré-Lewis, Baron, Thanos, Braverman, Neary, … & Badgaiyan, 2018).

d. Increasing access to treatment and recovery sustenance would enable people with this problem to seek treatment.

D. Prevention

a. Prescription monitoring programs (Hahn, 2011)

b. Ending supply of unfitting prescriptions and illegal opioids

c. Enhancing maternal and prenatal care for females struggling with substance misuse (Hahn, 2011)

d. Supporting the youths through targeted initiatives to lessen youth misuses of opioids

e. Enhance awareness on the risks of opioids use and the costs of opioid misuse on individuals and the community (Hahn, 2011).

III. Conclusion

A. The opioid crisis is a huge public health issue, and thus, addressing this problem is a priority for communities.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Birnbaum, H. G., White, A. G., Schiller, M., Waldman, T., Cleveland, J. M., & Roland, C. L. (2011). Societal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States. Pain medicine, 12(4), 657-667. https://www.asam.org/docs/advocacy/societal-costs-of-prescription-opioid-abuse-dependence-and-misuse-in-the-united-states.pdf

Blum, K., Gondré-Lewis, M. C., Baron, D., Thanos, P. K., Braverman, E. R., Neary, J., … & Badgaiyan, R. D. (2018). Introducing precision addiction management of reward deficiency syndrome, the construct that underpins all addictive behaviors. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 548. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00548/full

Bricker, M. L. (2008). Winston-Salem: A twin city history. The History Press.

Green, J. (2017). Epidemiology of opioid abuse and addiction. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 43(2), 106-113.

Guy Jr, G. P., Zhang, K., Bohm, M. K., Losby, J., Lewis, B., Young, R., … & Dowell, D. (2017). Vital signs: changes in opioid prescribing in the United States, 2006–2015. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 66(26), 697-704 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6626a4.htm

Hahn, K. L. (2011). Strategies to prevent opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion that may also reduce the associated costs. American health & drug benefits, 4(2), 107-114 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4106581/pdf/ahdb-04-107.pdf

Palombi, L., Olivarez, M., Bennett, L., & Hawthorne, A. N. (2019). Community Forums to Address the Opioid Crisis: An Effective Grassroots Approach to Rural Community Engagement. Substance abuse: research and treatment, 13, 1178221819827595. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6378421/pdf/10.1177_1178221819827595.pdf

Veilleux, J. C., Colvin, P. J., Anderson, J., York, C., & Heinz, A. J. (2010). A review of opioid dependence treatment: pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to treat opioid addiction. Clinical psychology review, 30(2), 155-166.

 

"Looking for a Similar Assignment? Get Expert Help at an Amazing Discount!"