Descriptive Epidemiology

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Question 20.5 pts

Which of these circumstances would increase prevalence?

Group of answer choices

 

If recovery of the disease is faster

 

If a more effective treatment is discovered

 

If survival time with the disease increases

 

If the incidence rate falls

 

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Question 30.5 pts

The prevalence of cancer in the population refers to how many

Group of answer choices

 

new cases can be attributed to a specific cause.

 

existing cases resulted in death.

 

new cases occur in a given time period.

 

existing cases are currently in the population.

 

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Question 40.5 pts

An example of an incidence rate is

Group of answer choices

 

2 new cases of a cholera in 2009 in southeast Florida.

 

2 existing cases of West Nile last year in Orange County.

 

4 people who reported ever having West Nile in Orange County as of last year.

 

50 previously diagnosed West Nile cases.

 

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Question 50.5 pts

Which measure of risk would indicate the transition from non-diseased to a diseased state?

Group of answer choices

 

Incidence rate.

 

Mortality rate.

 

Prevalence.

 

Proportion

 

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Question 60.5 pts

An example of an agent in the epidemiological triad is:

Group of answer choices

 

the sexual behavior of a young adult.

 

an 80 year old male living in an adult living facility.

 

The climate in the northeast.

 

an infectious microorganism.

 

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Question 70.5 pts

This image below depicts

 

Group of answer choices

 

the Chain of Infection.

 

the root cause of infection.

 

the Causal pie.

 

the Epidemiological triad.

 

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Question 80.5 pts

The best example of an event displaying the Natural History of disease is a (an):

Group of answer choices

 

individual with current immunizations.

 

An individual who receives surgery for an orthopedic injury.

 

untreated viral infection.

 

A bacterial infection that does not respond to treatment.

 

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Question 90.5 pts

Fungal Meningitis a rare disease and was detected in individuals as a result of contaminated steroids administered by injection. This mode of transmission is an example of,

Group of answer choices

 

indirect contact.

 

direct contact.

 

vector transmission.

 

droplet transmission

 

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Question 100.5 pts

An example of indirect transmission is:

Group of answer choices

 

kissing a child’s “boo boo”

 

Sexually transmitted infection.

 

Clostridium botulinum contracted from improperly canned food.

 

touching blood and body fluids while performing CPR.

 

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Question 110.5 pts

Morbidity data is useful for organizations to request funding for prevention.

Group of answer choices

 

True

 

False

 

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Question 120.5 pts

Questions about morbidity can be answered by using incidence.

Group of answer choices

 

True

 

False

 

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Question 130.5 pts

Proportions help epidemiologists focus on

Group of answer choices

 

comparison of two different groups

 

a part of the population compared to the whole

 

labeling a disease as endemic or epidemic

 

trends over time

 

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Question 140.5 pts

One thing proportions tell us is what fraction of the population is affected.

Group of answer choices

 

True

 

False

 

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Question 150.5 pts

Checking for cuts and/or blister on the foot of clients with diabetes is primary prevention.

Group of answer choices

 

True

 

False

 

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Question 160.5 pts

The community mental health NP provides information to a local school about suicide prevention.  This is an example of

Group of answer choices

 

secondary prevention

 

tertiary prevention

 

primary prevention

 

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Question 170.5 pts

When searching for health data, the best source of information would be

Group of answer choices

 

Reputable media outlets such as the Associated Press or Public Broadcasting System.

 

Literature search engines such as PubMed or CINAHL.

 

Professional organizations such as the American College of Nurse-Midwives or the American Association of Nurse Practitioners.

 

Government agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the National Institutes of Health.

 

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Question 180.5 pts

 

Epidemiologists should never be involved in health policy decisions.

Group of answer choices

 

True

 

False

 

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Question 190.5 pts

A cross-sectional study allows the researcher to determine by chance the numbers of diseased or exposed subjects and the data on exposure and disease are gathered simultaneously.

Group of answer choices

 

False

 

True

 

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Question 201 pts

What differences do incidence and prevalence tell you when comparing populations?  For example, why would a population have higher incidence than another, or higher prevalence than another?

(<200 words, your original thought, be succinct!)

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PhysioEx Lab Report

Make a Lab report in about 2 pages from the lab results given in the below link (with MLA references).

PhysioEx Lab results report: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sT_u7wV2DEi3yVMJ0Bw34rmW449LaoT9/view?usp=sharing

Follow the rubric given below while making the report.

Lab Report Rubric: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_cc9iPEc74KHTNnM_MpwLwF-9wDPSVp8/view?usp=sharing

3/23/2021 PhysioEx Exercise 3 Activity 7

https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex3/act7/# 1/5

PhysioEx Lab Report

Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses

Activity 7: The Action Potential: Conduction Velocity

Name: Aalwin Thomas

Date: 23 March 2021

Session ID: session-aabab984-54ee-f456-4a02-82a25f3a0cc0

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

Experiment Results Predict Questions

An action potential can be propagated along an axon because there are _______ channels in the membrane.

You correctly answered: voltage-gated.

1

The units of conduction velocity are

You correctly answered: meters/second.

2

Which of the following will affect axonal conduction velocity?

You correctly answered: both the diameter of the axon and the amount of myelination.

3

Which of the following describes an A fiber?

You correctly answered: large diameter, heavily myelinated.

4

Which of the following describes a C fiber?

You correctly answered: small diameter, unmyelinated.

5

Predict Question 1: How will the conduction velocity in the B fiber compare with that in the A Fiber?

Your answer: The conduction velocity in the B fiber will be slower because the B fiber has a smaller diameter and less myelination.

1

Predict Question 2: How will the conduction velocity in the C fiber compare with that in the B Fiber?

2

 

 

3/23/2021 PhysioEx Exercise 3 Activity 7

https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex3/act7/# 2/5

Stop & Think Questions

Your answer: The conduction velocity in the C fiber will be slower because the C fiber has a smaller diameter and less myelination.

Note the difference in time between the action potential recorded at R1 and the action potential recorded at R2. The distance between these sets of recording electrodes is 2 centimeters (0.02 m).

Convert the time from milliseconds to seconds, enter the time (in seconds).

You answered: 0.002 sec.

1

Calculate the conduction velocity in meters/second by dividing the distance between R1 and R2 (0.02 m) by the time it took for the action potential to travel from R1 to R2.

Enter the conduction velocity.

You answered: 10 m/sec.

2

Note the difference in time between the action potential recorded at R1 and the action potential recorded at R2.

Convert the time from milliseconds to seconds, enter the time (in seconds).

You answered: 0.01 sec.

3

Calculate the conduction velocity in meters/second by dividing the distance between R1 and R2 (0.02 m) by the time it took for the action potential to travel from R1 to R2.

Enter the conduction velocity.

You answered: 2 m/sec.

4

Note the difference in time between the action potential recorded at R1 and the action potential recorded at R2.

Convert the time from milliseconds to seconds, enter the time (in seconds).

You answered: 0.1 sec.

5

Calculate the conduction velocity in meters/second by dividing the distance between R1 and R2 (0.02 m) by the time it took for the action potential to travel from R1 to R2.

Enter the conduction velocity.

6

 

 

3/23/2021 PhysioEx Exercise 3 Activity 7

https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex3/act7/# 3/5

Experiment Data

Axon Type Myelination Stimulus Voltage

(mV)

Distance From R1 to

R2 (m)

Time between

APs (msec)

Time between APs (sec)

Conduction Velocity (m/sec)

A fiber Heavy 30 0.02 2 0.002 10

B fiber Light 30 0.02 10 0.01 2

C fiber None 30 0.02 100 0.1 0.2

You answered: 0.2 m/sec.

 

 

3/23/2021 PhysioEx Exercise 3 Activity 7

https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex3/act7/# 4/5

Post-lab Quiz Results You have not completed the Post-lab Quiz.

Review Sheet Results How did the conduction velocity in the B fiber compare with that in the A Fiber? How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

The results were equal to my answers.

1

How did the conduction velocity in the C fiber compare with that in the B Fiber? How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

The results were equal to my answers.

2

What is the effect of axon diameter on conduction velocity?

Your answer:

The Conduction velocity will be greater if the axon diameter is large.

3

What is the effect of the amount of myelination on conduction velocity?

Your answer:

If the amount of myelination is great, then the Conduction velocity will be larger.

4

Why did the time between the stimulation and the action potential at R1 differ for each axon?

5

 

 

3/23/2021 PhysioEx Exercise 3 Activity 7

https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex3/act7/# 5/5

Your answer:

The time between the stimulation and the action potential at R1 differed for each axon because the diameter and the amount of myelination were varied.

Why did you need to change the timescale on the oscilloscope for each axon?

Your answer:

Change in timescale is necessary in order to see the action potentials. The velocity changes, so when it gets very slow we need a longer time scale.

6

 
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FITNESS CLIENTS CASE STUDIES

Instructions:

This section of your final exam provides you with an opportunity to  apply all of the information you have learned throughout the course to  the work that you will be doing as a certified professional.

You will be presented with two client profiles, and will be asked to  design a 12-week periodized program for each client. In addition to  describing the logistics of the program, you will also be asked to  explain why you have designed the program the way that you have.

Approach these clients as you would approach a real-life situation.  Your client should be able to take your program and put it into practice  without having to contact you for explanation of what to do or why to  do it.

Before you finalize your submission, make sure your program passes the following tests:

1. Is the training program that you are designing appropriate, safe,  and effective for the client, given the client’s physical abilities and  primary goals?

2. Could you defend your program from a legal standpoint? Who would  be held liable if your client was injured during training because of  either lifting too much weight or exceeding a certain heart rate?

3. Is your program justifiable from a business standpoint? Are you  professional with your current clients? Would they refer their friends,  family, or colleagues to you based on the guidance that you provide in  your program design?

4. Imagine that YOU are the paying client. Would you feel that your  money was well spent if you were handed the training program/dietary  recommendations?

Case Study 1

Calculations: Calculate the client’s target heart rate using the Karvonen formula.

Training Program: Design a full 12-week periodized training program  for the client described in the Client Profile. Be very specific as you  design the training program. This is an opportunity for you to  demonstrate your full comprehension of the information and concepts  discussed throughout the course. List the types of exercise, duration,  sets, reps, rest intervals, and so on.

Include the following in your case study submission:

  • A description of your professional responsibilities as discussed in the stages of the drawing-in process (Unit 12)
  • Discussion of any fitness tests, methods of evaluation, and data collection used to assess and evaluate the client’s needs
  • Specific conditions that you have identified in the client profile
  • A fully detailed 12-week comprehensive and periodized training  program including specific exercises, sets, repetitions, suggested rest  times, etc. Use an integrated approach in your program recommendations.
  • Specific and detailed nutritional strategies and an explanation as  to how the strategies will assist the client in meeting energy needs
  • Explanation for your chosen assessment, programming, and nutritional  recommendations. (Be sure to reference course concepts when  discussing rationale for your recommendations.

Keep in mind that a client should be able to take your program and  put it into practice without having to contact you to clarify what you  intended by your recommendations or to explain parts of your program.

Don’t forget your explanation for WHY you listed and recommended what  you did. Reference the concepts and theories covered in the course. Be  sure to address why the program and exercises recommended are  appropriate for the specific client given the client’s history, current  abilities, and intended goal(s). For example: if you are developing a  program for a beginner client without any resistance training  experience, explain how your program addresses the lack of experience,  initial need for foundational development, process by which you would  safely progress the client, etc. Tying your program to course concepts  is a critical component of your case study.

Review the Client Profile below.

Client Profile: Selina Kyle

Age: 31

Gender: Female

Resting Heart Rate: 70 bpm

Height: 5’7″

Weight: 159 lb

Body Fat Percentage: 33%

Background and Goals: Selina just had her first baby a couple months  ago and is determined to shed excess pregnancy pounds before summer.  Selina has very limited exercise experience. She did not play high  school or college sports. Prior to having her first child, she did like  to hike, go out dancing, and take the occasional yoga class. She is  eager to start a program to lose the baby weight. She can dedicate 3 or 4  days per week to exercise and is willing to sign on for 12 weeks to  start.

 

Case Study 2

Calculations: Calculate the client’s target heart rate using the Karvonen formula.

Training Program: Design a full 12-week periodized training program  for the client described in the Client Profile. Be very specific as you  design the training program. This is an opportunity for you to  demonstrate your full comprehension of the information and concepts  discussed throughout the course. List the types of exercise, duration,  sets, reps, rest intervals, and so on.

Include the following in your case study submission:

  • A description of your professional responsibilities as discussed in the stages of the drawing-in process (Unit 12)
  • Discussion of any fitness tests, methods of evaluation, and data collection used to assess and evaluate the client’s needs
  • Specific conditions that you have identified in the client profile
  • A fully detailed 12-week comprehensive and periodized training  program including specific exercises, sets, repetitions, suggested rest  times, etc. Use an integrated approach in your program recommendations.
  • Specific and detailed nutritional strategies and an explanation as  to how the strategies will assist the client in meeting energy needs
  • Explanation for your chosen assessment, programming, and nutritional  recommendations. (Be sure to reference course concepts when  discussing rationale for your recommendations.

Keep in mind that a client should be able to take your program and  put it into practice without having to contact you to clarify what you  intended by your recommendations or to explain parts of your program.

Don’t forget your explanation for WHY you listed and recommended what  you did. Reference the concepts and theories covered in the course. Be  sure to address why the program and exercises recommended are  appropriate for the specific client given the client’s history, current  abilities, and intended goal(s). For example: if you are developing a  program for a beginner client without any resistance training  experience, explain how your program addresses the lack of experience,  initial need for foundational development, process by which you would  safely progress the client, etc. Tying your program to course concepts  is a critical component of your case study.

Review the Client Profile below.

Client Profile: Clark Kent

Age: 17

Gender: Male

Resting Heart Rate: 55 bpm

Height: 5’11”

Weight: 165 lb

Body Fat Percentage: 15%

Background and Goals: Clark is a junior in high school and is eager  to gain some muscle mass and strength before his final football season  next year. He knows very little about nutrition and his diet consists  primarily of processed foods (i.e., fast food, cafeteria food, etc.). He  eats two or three meals per day on average. Clark’s training regimen  has been sporadic and inconsistent recently, so he is coming to you for  help. He is anxious to be at his best by the start of his senior season,  which is three months away.

BELOW IS A SAMPLE ANSWER, PLEASE MAKE IT CLOSE TO THIS:

Sample Case Study

Jocko Johnson

Age  Gender  Height  Weight  Body Fat %    30  Male  73 inches  200  18

Jocko was an athlete in high school playing a variety of sports  including football, track (100- 400 meter events) and baseball. He has  come to you because he has recently had his 30 th birthday and wants to  get back in shape. While he is in decent shape already, Jocko wishes to  get in excellent shape with an eye on perhaps competing in a local  bodybuilding show in the future.

CLIENT  CALCULATIONS

Use the information above to calculate the following. Only the final  answer is required. You do not need to show full calculations.

  1. What is the client’s  BMI?
  2. What is the client’s  BMR?
  3. Using the Karvonen formula, what is the client’s target heart rate at 60%  and 80%?

ASSESSMENT, TRAINING, AND NUTRITIONAL  STRATEGY

Using the information above, address points a-c.

  1. Discuss fitness tests or methods of evaluation that should be used  to assess the client, providing rationale for your recommendations. Be  sure to address the specific conditions presented by your client.
  2. Provide a detailed, comprehensive, 12-week periodized training  pro- gram, including specific sets, repetitions and exercises, utilizing  an integrated approach.
  3. Discuss nutritional strategies and supplement recommendations with a rationale for your choices.

Sample Case Study Response

The case study provides an opportunity for you to put your fitness  knowledge into practice and design a program for a sample client. Think  of the case study as your first paying client. Give as much detail as  someone new to fitness would need. In addition, provide the rationale  for each of your decisions as if you were discussing the program with  educated fitness professionals.

The following provides a formatting approach that you can use when  structuring your answer. Please note, however, the content serves as a  minimal representation of what is expected. To prove your competency in  program design, you will need to provide greater detail, as well as  rationale for your program decisions. If you have any questions about  comprehensive program design, feel free to contact Educational Support.

A. While Jocko may appear to be a dream client on the surface, I  realize that his athletic background and mid- life crisis that brought  him here will probably lead to more than a little impatience on his  part. At my initial consultation I would explain to him that I would  need at least a three-month commitment from him to ensure his getting  started on the right foot. In my experience most clients need about this  long to really get in the swing of things and start seeing some  results. At this time I would establish my fees, get him signed up and  give him a health history questionnaire to fill out for our next  meeting.

After this I would set up our first appointment. I would plan on  having enough time in the first session to have him complete a release  of liability form and go over his health history questionnaire. If he  had any red flags or other concerns we would hold off on training until I  had spoken to his doctor and he had gotten a doctor’s release.  Otherwise we would get started on the enclosed program. Before starting I  would do circumference, bodyweight and bodyfat percentage measurements  so we can track his progress.

B. I would follow the enclosed program (see program on the following  page) for a few reasons. First, the first mesocycle is a low volume, low  intensity one that is designed mainly to increase tendon and ligament  strength and allow him to get back in the groove of working out without  asking too much of him and discouraging him. After a foundation has been  set I would want to increase the intensity and volume levels resulting  in a routine geared towards muscle growth. Next I would work on limit  strength by introducing a mesocycle that had very high intensity levels  and moderate volume. We would then reassess his goals and see where to  go from there.

C. My nutritional strategy for this client would consist of 5 high  calorie days and 2 low calorie days. I would suggest he follow a 1-2-3  or 1-2-4 macronutrient ratio depending on his metabolism and mesocycle.  The higher intensity mesocycles would warrant more carbs, while the  lower intensity one’s would not need as much fuel. I would suggest he  get around 160 grams of protein a day and get his fat from “healthy”  fats such as olive oil and hemp seed oil. The easiest way to estimate  his daily caloric requirements is to have him keep a food log for a few  days and see where he is at now. It will be much easier to make  adjustments to his diet if I have a reference point.

Sample Case Study Workout Program (Sample Case Study Response Continued)

Weeks 1 – 3: STRENGTH TRAINING

The following exercises are to be performed in a circuit fashion on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

Squat/Leg Press: 1-2 Sets, 10-15 Repetitions Incline Bench Press: 1-2  Sets, 10-15 Repetitions Leg Curl: 1-2 Sets, 10-15  Repetitions

T-Bar Row: 1-2 Sets, 10-15  Repetitions

Standing Calf Raises: 1-2 Sets, 10-15 Repetitions DB Shoulder Press:  1-2 Sets, 10-15 Repetitions Crunches: 1-2 Sets, 20 Repetitions

Seated DB Curl: 1-2 Sets, 10-15 Repetitions

Back Extensions: 1-2 Sets, 15  Repetitions

Cable Pushdowns: 1-2 Sets, 10-15 Repetitions

AEROBICS

Tuesday/Thursday: 20- to 45-minute run

Saturday: 30-second jog/30-second sprint for 5 minutes total

Weeks 4 – 9: STRENGTH TRAINING

For this mesocycle we will use the following split and corresponding exercises.

MESOCYCLE SPLIT

Monday: Quads, Hamstrings, Calves Wednesday: Pecs, Biceps, Abs/Lower Back Friday: Back, Triceps, Shoulders

EXERCISES, REPS AND SETS

Squat: 4 Sets, 8-10 Repetitions

Stiff Leg Deadlift: 4 Sets, 8-10 Repetitions Leg Extension a1: 2  Sets, 12 Repetitions Leg Curls a2: 2 Sets, 12 Repetitions Seated Calf  Raises: 2 Sets, 10  Repetitions

Standing Calf Raises: 2 Sets, 12 Repetitions

Wednesday: Incline Bench Press: 4 Sets, 8-10 Repetitions

Peck Deck: 2 Sets, 12  Repetitions

Preacher Curls: 2 Sets, 10-12 Repetitions

Russian Twist: 3 Sets, 8  Repetitions

Back Extensions: 3 Sets, 10  Repetitions

Friday: Pull-Up: 4 Sets, 8-10 Repetitions

Cable Rows: 3 Sets, 8-10 Repetitions

Lying Tri Extensions: 3 Sets, 8-10 Repetitions DB Shoulder Press: 2  Sets, 8-10 Repetitions Lateral Raises: 2 Sets, 8-10  Repetitions

AEROBICS

Tuesday: 30-second jog/30-second sprint, start 5 minutes and add 1 minute each week

Thursday: 30- to 45-minute run

Saturday: 30-second jog/30-second sprint, start 5 minutes and add 1 minute each week

Note: a1 and a2 designate two exercises that are to be done in a  superset fashion. Do one set of the a1 exercises and while you are  resting perform one set of the a2 exercise. Repeat until you have  completed all prescribed sets for those exercises before moving on to  the next exercise(s).

Weeks 10 – 12: STRENGTH TRAINING

For this mesocycle we will use the following split and corresponding exercises

MESOCYCLE SPLIT

Monday: Quads, Hamstrings, Calves Wednesday: Pecs, Back, Abs/Lower Back Friday: Biceps, Triceps, Shoulders

EXERCISES, REPS AND SETS

Monday:   Deadlift: 6 Sets, 8 Repetitions

Stiff Leg Deadlift: 4 Sets, 8  Repetitions

Seated Calf Raises: 5 Sets, 8  Repetitions

Wednesday: Bench Press a1: 6 Sets, 8 Repetitions

Pull-Up a2: 6 Sets, 8 Repetitions

Russian Twist: 3 Sets, 8  Repetitions

Back Extensions: 3 Sets, 8  Repetitions

Friday:    Barbell Curl a1: 5 Sets,  10 Repetitions Close Grip Bench  a1: 5 Sets, 10 Repetitions Military Press: 5 Sets, 10  Repetitions

Note: a1 and a2 designate two exercises that are to be done in a  superset fashion. Do one set of the a1 exercises and while you are  resting perform one set of the a2 exercise. Repeat until you have  completed all prescribed sets for those exercises before moving on to  the next exercise(s).

AEROBICS

Thursday: 30-minute run

Saturday: 30-second jog/30-second sprint, start 10 minutes and add 1 minute each week

 
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Methodological skeptic

Question 1 

  1. David Hume was a:

 

Unmitigated skeptic

 

Methodological skeptic

 

Local skeptic

 

Global skeptic

3 points

Question 2 

  1. By “high accessibility      requirements” the internalist means:

 

The evidence level   is so high I do not have access to it

 

I know, or through   introspection can attain, my reasons for my beliefs

 

externalists do   not highly cherish their epistemic obligations

 

all of the above

3 points

Question 3 

  1. Christopher Columbus was convinced      that he discovered a route to the East Indies because it lined up with his      maps and the current beliefs of his day. However, he was wrong. This      example demonstrates a problem with:

 

A reliabilist form of justification

 

An evidentialist form of   justification

 

A foundationalist form of   justification

 

A coherentist form of justification.

3 points

Question 4 

  1. According to the      presentation on skepticism, Descartes’ systematic doubt:

 

questioned the   senses

 

questioned reason

 

both of the above

 

none of the above

3 points

Question 5 

  1. Rene Descartes was a:

 

Local skeptic

 

Metaphysical skeptic

 

Unmitigated skeptic

 

Global Skeptic

3 points

Question 6 

  1. The virtue of studiousness does      not take into account the proper kinds of motives for seeking knowledge.

 

True.

 

False.

3 points

Question 7 

  1. Which is not one of the ways that      Wood says moral and intellectual virtues parallel each other?

 

Each are developed throughout life.

 

We do not grow in either of them   automatically.

 

Each is best developed in the context   of community.

 

They yield the same kinds of results.

3 points

Question 8 

  1. Thomas Aquinas thought that moral      and intellectual virtues were closely related.

 

True.

 

False.

3 points

Question 9 

  1. Aristotle thought that the virtues      are present naturally in all people.

 

True.

 

False.

3 points

Question 10 

  1. For Aristotle, the “Golden Mean”      points to fixed and universal ethical norms for all people to follow.

 

True.

 

False.

3 points

Question 11 

  1. When the used car salesman tells      Steve that the particular car he is considering purchasing has less than      fifteen thousand actual miles on it, Steve is, quite naturally, a bit      skeptical about this claim, particularly since the car is over ten years      old and looks a little worse for wear.  In exhibiting this level of      doubt, Steve is expressing:

 

Global skepticism

 

Methodological skepticism.

 

Common sense skepticism.

 

Metaphysical skepticism.

3 points

Question 12 

  1. To suggest that we should suspend      all judgments about any claim to knowledge,
    is to suggest a softer and mitigated form of skepticism in contrast to its      more unmitigated expressions.

True

False

3 points

Question 13 

  1. Rather than having certainty about      our beliefs, it is more likely that we have varying degrees of rational      support for our beliefs.

True

False

3 points

Question 14 

  1. Hume thinks that, while we may      assume connections of causality (i.e., every event has a cause), we never      actually perceive a necessary connection of causality and therefore we      cannot know a causal connection has actually occurred.

True

False

3 points

Question 15 

  1. When Descartes employs systematic      doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that:

 

He must be a thinking thing in order   to be deceived by an evil demon, and a thinking thing can at least be certain   that it is an existing thing.

 

In order to have doubt about anything   one believes, one would at least have to be an existing thing in order to doubt,   and a doubting thing can at least be certain that it is an existing thing.

 

He can be certain about some claims   to knowledge.

 

All of the above.

3 points

Question 16 

  1. When we consider the way that our      beliefs relate to each other, we are making a reference to

 

Our noetic structure.

 

The method of abduction.

 

The sensus divinitatus.

 

The notion of concurrence.

3 points

Question 17 

  1. Those holding to some form of      externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for      persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that      support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with      respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.

True

False

3 points

Question 18 

  1. Select the one below that does NOT      belong : The justification of one’s beliefs is a matter that deals with

 

Epistemic issues relating to the   rationality of one’s beliefs.

 

A person having reasons or evidence   for one’s beliefs.

 

Theological issues about the process   of salvation.

 

How a person goes about formulating   the evidence for a belief.

3 points

Question 19 

  1. Ginger believes that the dog she      sees in her neighbor’s back yard is her own
    Labrador Retriever named Sam.  Since there are no other Labrador      Retrievers in the neighborhood fitting the same description as Sam, and      since the dog Ginger sees in her neighbor’s yard seems to recognize      Ginger’s voice when she calls out to it, Ginger quite naturally believes      the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is her dog Sam.  It turns out,      however, that the dog in her neighbor’s back yard is in fact not Ginger’s      dog but the Labrador of a visiting relative of her neighbor.  On an      internalist account of justification, since it turns out not to be true      that Ginger saw her dog Sam in her neighbor’s back yard, Ginger was not      justified in believing it was her own dog in the first place.

True

False

3 points

Question 20 

  1. The problem with W. K. Clifford’s      statement “It is wrong always, everywhere and
    for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence” is that:

 

Most contemporary epistemologist   agree that there are no objective moral duties.

 

The statement is a disguised form of   externalism in justification.

 

As a matter of fact, we simply don’t   hold beliefs based on insufficient evidence.

 

Many contemporary epistemologists   think the statement is self-defeating.

 
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