Question 1 

1. Holmes believes that the Bible      comes closer to intuitionism than to natural-law theories.

True

False

3 points

Question 2 

1. What is one of the two      alternatives to the consequentialist response to moral dilemmas of trying      to minimize the bad and maximize the good, do deontologists provide?

 

Rank the moral duties according to   the highest principles

 

Select the choice that has the best   consequences

 

Deny that moral dilemmas are possible

 

Do that which exhibits the highest   virtue

3 points

Question 3 

1. In the Biblical sense, agape love      is defined as:

 

A self-giving sacrificial attitude

 

A commitment made between a man and   wife

 

A warm and generous feeling for   others

 

A whole-hearted desire to fulfill   one’s need for affection

3 points

Question 4 

1. _______________ varies      significantly from person to person and culture to culture, seeming to      depend on moral training and cultural conditioning.

 

Natural Law

 

Intuition

 

Common Morality

 

Conscience

3 points

Question 5 

1. Which of these is not one of      Holmes’ aspects of moral reasoning for Christians?

 

What universal human action spheres   are involved and what social institutions?

 

What are the essential purposes   inherent in the nature of the universal human activities and social   institutions?

 

How can the essential purposes best   be pursued with justice and love?

 

Are the universal human activities   and social institutions governed by common morality or Biblical truths?

3 points

Question 6 

1. Aristotle saw virtues as habits of      mind that can be cultivated by deliberation about the choices we      constantly make and the ends or goals we desire.

True

False

3 points

Question 7 

1. What did Thomas Aquinas say is      needed along with habituation of the virtues:

 

Induction

 

Inspiration

 

Intuition

 

Infusion

3 points

Question 8 

1. How do virtues relate to God:

 

If God is the highest good, then   desiring the Good means desiring God and wanting to be like him.

 

If God is the epitome of every kind   of goodness, then desiring truth and beauty as well as moral character is   tacitly a desire for God.

 

Loving God entails that we love what   God loves, being good and doing good.

 

All of the above

3 points

Question 9 

1. The moral life finds inspiration      and direction in a vision of  _________ that makes a person’s virtues      and his whole life story part of a particular moral tradition.

 

the Good

 

Tradition

 

Moral Theology

 

The future

3 points

Question 10 

1. How is virtue acquired according      to MacIntyre?

 

By following continuous disciplined   practices in order to achieve a standard of excellence

 

By reading and comprehending the   theories about virtue ethics

 

Virtues are inherent and natural, so   they are acquired at creation

 

By praying and worshipping God   frequently

3 points

Question 11 

1. What process did Jeremy Bentham      propose to quantify pleasure versus pain with regards to which action one      should take:

 

Hedonic Statistics

 

Hedonic Functions

 

Hedonic Ratio

 

Hedonic Calculus

3 points

Question 12 

1. Which of the following is NOT an      example of hypothetical imperatives?

 

If you want to be accepted into   Harvard Law School, you must major in Pre-Law in college.

 

If you want to be healthy, then you   need to exercise every day.

 

If you drive through a red light,   then you believe it is okay for anyone to drive through a red light.

 

If you want to live in France, then   you need to know how to speak

3 points

Question 13 

1. Holmes states that a      non-consequential decision is needed as to the _______ of consequence we      are to seek.

 

Quality

 

Value

 

Kind

 

Pleasure

3 points

Question 14 

1. Which of these is NOT one of      Holmes’ conclusions concerning ethical egoism?

 

While Scripture assumes a legitimate   psychological self-interest, it is balanced by an ethical concern for others.

 

The highest motivation is a love for   God; from this flows true neighbor- love and self-love.

 

Scripture differs from egoism in that   egoism views people more individualistically.

 

We should follow the example of a   swarm of bees, each pursuing our own ends, yet by nature and God’s grace   producing a harmonious and peaceable realm.

3 points

Question 15 

1. The term that states that the      value of persons is measured entirely in terms of people’s experiences is:

 

Empiricism

 

Egoism

 

utilitarianism

 

Hedonic Calulation

3 points

Question 16 

1. Consequentialism is not interested      in keeping rules at all.

True

False

3 points

Question 17 

1. According to deontology, what      justifies the means:

 

The consequences

 

Keeping the rules

 

They are self-justified

 

God

3 points

Question 18 

1. Which view is typically more rule      oriented:

 

Consequentialism

 

Deontology

3 points

Question 19 

1. Deontology is only interested in      keeping rules and does not care about results.

True

False

3 points

Question 20 

1. Deontology would include which of      the following ideas:

 

rule oriented

 

pragmatic

 

doing right has extrinsic value

 

ends justifies the means

 

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Are we consequentialists in our everyday activities?

In the following weeks you will begin reading selections from ethical and moral philosophy. To start this process the first selections will concern consequentialism. Consequentialist ethical theories are those theories that evaluate actions based on their consequences. How these ethical perspectives function and what they value as fundamental moral principles vary. The prevalent version of consequentialism is utilitarianism as it was first formulated by Jeremy Bentham, and then J. S. Mill in the latter half of the 19th century. The brand of utilitarianism of encountered today originates from Mill’s formulation. Consequentialism and utilitarianism are often used synonymously, but it should be noted that the latter picks out a specific line of reasoning in moral philosophy.

With regards to what Mill has explained in the selection from his work Utilitarianism, consider the question of whether or not people are utilitarians in this sense of term. Not so much that they want to increase pleasure (whether only for themselves or others), but rather do persons act in such a manner that promotes utility (or, efficiency and expediency) for the largest possible amount of people? For instance, consider the firefighter who has a choice to save one child or to save three children. The firefighter does not know any of the children, nor does he know anything about them. But it is reasonable to assume that they would choose to save the three children over the one child. Why? Because that is simply what it would be to fulfill the role of an effective firefighter! However, this is only one instance; overall, do we have reason to believe that happiness for the greatest amount of people over the longest amount of time is in fact the sole criterion of morality as Mill suggests?

Give an exposition of the argument that Mill provides in the assigned selection. This should include his formulation of the Principle of Utility, on which his argument relies. Then, answer the following question: Why should moral actions just result in maximizing happiness?

Relying on this exposition, and your answer to the previous question, explain how people act, in both day to day and extraordinary circumstances, considering only the consequences of actions.

Required Reading: J.S. Mill “Utilitarianism” (Selection)

Recommended Reading: “Mill’s Moral and Political Philosophy” – Section 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 2.7 & 2.11 < http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill-moral-political/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. >

– Watch youtube:

• 1. Dr. Dale Tuggy – Mill the Man, Utilarianism’s Three Core Claims

 

• 2. Dr. Dale Tuggy – Mill’s Utilitarianism, Clarifications and Objections

 

• 3. Dr. Dale Tuggy – Mill’s Utilitarianism, Objections and Replies

 

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