Develop and Apply Knowledge of Marketing Communication Industry Student Assessment Guide   BSBMKG418 Develop and Apply Knowledge of Marketing Communication Industry       Student Assessment Guide – BSBMKG418.v3 Intellectual Property Statement VET Fair (ABN 44 983 956 589) is a provider of educational products and services for the vocational education and training (VET) sector. By purchasing the ‘BSBMKG418 Develop and Apply Knowledge of Marketing Communication Industry’ assessment resources (“Product”), you are entitled to use it for educational purposes only, but the intellectual property remains with VET Fair. This Product includes the following components: · Assessor Guide · Student Assessment Guide · Student Assessment Workbook · any other material to support the implementation of the Product (e.g. policy and procedures, templates, etc.). VET Fair owns all copyright to the Product as subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. This purchase grants you a non-exclusive, perpetual, non-sublicensable, and non-shareable right to use and contextualise this Product. You have the right to distribute unlimited copies of this Product to your students or internal staff, limited to only for educational purposes; however, you must not: 1. reproduce this Product or produce other assessment resources based on this Product 1. share this Product with any other external person or entity other than your students and internal staff through physical or electronic including online access 1. use this Product for any other purposes than education (e.g. assessing student competency, conducting validation and moderation activities, etc.) 1. resell this Product to any party of individual use this Product without affixing the following statement in each copy of a modified, adapted, customised or contextualised version of this Product that is distributed electronically or in a physical format to your target learner audience: “The assessment activities and information in this guide are derived from the BSBMKG418 Develop and Apply Knowledge of Marketing Communication Industry assessment resources provided by VET Fair. VET Fair owns all copyright to this information and the intellectual property of this resource remains with VET Fair.” Breaches of this copyright will result in VET Fair claiming for loss of sales.   Table of Contents Assessment Information 1 Assessment Event: Fusion Marketing Simulation 3 Task 1: Develop Knowledge of the Marketing Communications Industry 3 1.1 Identify and access sources of information on the industry 3 1.2 Identify the industry structure and client operating environment 3 1.3 Evaluate the organisational structure 3 1.4 Describe organisational plans 3 1.5 Obtain information on marketing communication industry sectors 4 1.6 Obtain information on marketing communication industry associations and networks 4 1.7 Obtain information on the societal role of the marketing communication industry 4 1.8 Identify and access information on key stakeholders 4 1.9 Outline principles and practices of marketing communications and media strategies 4 1.10 Create Information Sheet 1 4 Task 2: Identify Industry Employment Obligations and Opportunities 5 2.1 Obtain information regarding employment obligations in the industry 5 2.2 Obtain information regarding employment opportunities in the industry 5 2.3 Create Information Sheet 2 5 Task 3: Identify Future Trends Within the Marketing Communications Industry 6 3.1 Research developments for marketing communication within digital communications technology 6 3.2 Scope the relative impact of digital communications technology on the industry 6 3.3 Create Information Sheet 3 6 Task 4: Monitor the Industry and Share Knowledge 7 4.1 Research the current issues of concern to the industry 7 4.2 Share updated knowledge with the two stakeholders 7 4.3 Update the corporate knowledge base 7 Appendix A: Fusion Marketing Simulation 8 Fusion Marketing Simulation Background 8 Simulation Phases 10 Your Role in the Simulation 10 Phase 1: 10 Phase 2 10 Phase 3 11 Phase 4 11 Assessment Conditions for the Observation 12 Appendix B: Observation Check Sheet 13   Assessment Information Welcome to your Student Assessment Guide for BSBMKG418 Develop and Apply Knowledge of Marketing Communication Industry. This Guide provides you with information on the assessment particularly what you have to do and to what level of performance. This assessment has the following Assessment Event: Assessment Event – Simulation: Fusion Marketing You will complete a number of tasks associated with researching and reporting information on the marketing communication industry in the context of industry structure, sectors, associations, networks, societal role, stakeholders, employment obligations and opportunities, trends in the digital space, and issues of concern to the industry. This assessment centres on the Fusion Marketing case study, a professional marketing agency with a team of professional marketing consultants helping their clients to achieve their marketing communication goals. You will act in the capacity of a Marketing Communications Officer to support marketing communication activities of the organisation. To complete the Simulation, you will need to refer to the following resources: Fusion Marketing Style Guide: Organisational Style Guide that is designed to set standards and ensure consistency in document production. You must conform to the standards as outlined in this document when producing your information sheets.     Template 1 (Infosheet 1): A word-processing template which you will use when creating the required information sheet in Task 1.     Template 2 (Infosheet 2): A word-processing template which you will use when creating the required information sheet in Task 2.     Template 3 (Infosheet 3): A word-processing template which you will use when creating the required information sheet in Task 3. Remember, you do not type your responses in this Student Assessment Guide, but use the Student Assessment Workbook, which is a separate document. This document is simply a guide to explain what you are required to do, and by doing so, this will assist you to perform at your best. Please note that your responses for both assessment events can (where appropriate) use dot point format. See below for an example of a dot point response and a full sentence response. Dot point format Presentation Plan includes the following: · outcomes · needs of the audience · context.     Full sentence format When you are preparing for a Presentation, there are a number of tasks that must be carried out. These are; listing the outcomes that you want to achieve, followed by the identification of the needs of your audience. When you have completed these two tasks, you then check on the room you will be conducting the simulation in etc. Performance required · complete all of the questions and tasks listed in the Student Assessment Workbook · meet all the requirements listed in this Student Assessment Guide · your responses to the questions and tasks must be relevant, accurate and specific · submit your completed Student Assessment Workbook to your Assessor within the set timeframes · your work must be in your own words · where you use an external source of information, you must provide citation. Please be aware that your Assessor is here to provide you with the necessary support throughout the assessment process. If you have questions, then contact them for guidance. Assessment Event: Fusion Marketing Simulation In this assessment, you will undertake a number of tasks associated with researching critical information on the marketing communication industry and reporting to key internal and external stakeholders of Fusion Marketing. In this simulation, you will perform the following actions: · research information on the industry as required · create information sheets to regularly monitor the industry as typical work role · establish and maintain a corporate knowledge base · conduct a face-to-face meeting with internal and external stakeholders to share knowledge. Please ensure that you familiarise yourself with this set of requirements that underpin this simulation. This includes understanding the background of the simulation and the criteria you will be assessed on. These are located in the Appendix of this document. Task 1: Develop Knowledge of the Marketing Communications Industry In this task you will identify and access sources of information on the marketing communications industry, and then create the first information sheet that covers structure and operation of the marketing communication industry, industry sectors, associations, networks, societal role, and key stakeholders. 1.1 Identify and access sources of information on the industry R 1. identify five sources of information on the marketing communications industry R 2. describe the relative credibility of these sources to the market in terms of validity and reliability R 3. word count is approximately 75 words per description. 1.2 Identify the industry structure and client operating environment R 1. identify five participants that form the structure of the industry R 2. describe their role within the industry R 3. in your descriptions, include the relationship of these participants with the client R 4. word count is approximately 75 words for each description. 1.3 Evaluate the organisational structure R 1. review the marketing department’s current structure R 2. list three issues with this structure R 3. recommend a more modern department structure: · the proposed structure must be aligned to current industry practices · the new structure must be in line with the organisation’s services · describe their model including five advantages over the existing structure · depict the structure by inserting a hierarchy chart. 1.4 Describe organisational plans R 1. describe the core elements of an Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Plan: · describe five core elements · word count is approximately 20 words per description R 2. outline the relationship between an IMC Plan and an organisation’s business plan and marketing plan: · identify three areas where the three plans are related · describe this relationship · word count is approximately 200 words. 1.5 Obtain information on marketing communication industry sectors R 1. identify five sectors in the marketing communication industry R 2. describe their role within the industry R 3. word count is approximately 50 words per description. 1.6 Obtain information on marketing communication industry associations and networks R 1. identify ten associations and networks within the marketing communication industry R 2. describe their role within the industry R 3. word count is approximately 15 words per description. 1.7 Obtain information on the societal role of the marketing communication industry R 1. identify three societal roles of the marketing communication industry R 2. describe these roles addressing ethical considerations R 3. word count is approximately 50 words per description. 1.8 Identify and access information on key stakeholders R 1. identify five stakeholders of Fusion Marketing that play a key role in the marketing communication industry R 2. these stakeholders must include both internal and external R 3. describe these stakeholders and their roles in the industry R 4. word count is approximately 25 words per description. 1.9 Outline principles and practices of marketing communications and media strategies R 1. identify five principles of marketing communications R 2. describe how the industry practices these principles R 3. word count is approximately 50 words per description. 1.10 Create Information Sheet 1 In this subtask, you will establish a web-based knowledge base platform in which you will use it to update knowledge of the marketing communications industry continuously. This is one of your main responsibilities as your typical work role within the organisation, that is, to set up and maintain an online knowledge repository with the purpose of providing access to updated knowledge to the other stakeholders. R 1. develope an electronic filing system as the corporate knowledge base: · this system must be cloud based and intuitive so that all stakeholders can use · ensure access by all stakeholders · had a logical hierarchical structure for each document R 2. create the ‘Information Sheet 1’ using the template provided (‘Infosheet 1’): · summarise your findings from Task 1.1 to Task 1.8 · your document must conform to the standards outlined in the Fusion Marketing Style Guide · word count is not critical, but page count must be maximum three A4 pages R 3. upload the document to your corporate knowledge base R 4. produce screen shots of your knowledge base and attach to your Student Assessment Workbook.   Task 2: Identify Industry Employment Obligations and Opportunities In this task, you will identify and access sources of information on employment obligations and opportunities in the marketing communication industry, and then create the second information sheet that summarises this information to other stakeholders. 2.1 Obtain information regarding employment obligations in the industry R 1. for each area below, identify an ‘Act’ that employees of Fusion Marketing must comply with the industry: · discrimination · privacy · intellectual property · taxation · safety of self and others · fair trading and competition · employee and employer relationship · telemarketing · unsolicited commercial text (SMS) message · broadcast programs R 2. these Acts: · must have the correct title and date · are currently in-force R 3. for each Act, describe the key provisions regarding employment obligations R 4. word count is approximately 25 words per description. 2.2 Obtain information regarding employment opportunities in the industry R 1. identify five employment opportunities in the marketing communications industry R 2. list five key duties of each role in the industry R 3. word count is not critical. 2.3 Create Information Sheet 2 In this subtask, you will continue updating the corporate knowledge base with information related to employment obligations and opportunities in the marketing communication industry. R 1. create the ‘Information Sheet 2’ using the template provided (‘Infosheet 2’): · summarise your findings from Task 2.1 and 2.2 · your document must conform to the standards outlined in the Fusion Marketing Style Guide · word count is not critical, but page count must be maximum two A4 pages R 2. update the corporate knowledge base: · upload the document to your corporate knowledge base · ensure access by all stakeholders · maintain a logical hierarchical structure R 3. produce screen shots of your knowledge base and attach to your Student Assessment Workbook.   Task 3: Identify Future Trends Within the Marketing Communications Industry In this task, you will identify and access sources of information on the developments for marketing communication within digital communications technology to scope their relative impact on the industry. Then, you will create the third information sheet that summarises this information to other stakeholders. 3.1 Research developments for marketing communication within digital communications technology R 1. identify a digital communications technology trend in the following marketing communication areas: · advertising · content · public relations · customer data · market performance · sales and lead management · commerce · market visibility · real-time marketing R 2. describe the use of each digital communications technology R 3. word count is approximately 25 words per description. 3.2 Scope the relative impact of digital communications technology on the industry R 1. summarise how the digital communications technology trends (Task 3.1) impact the industry: · include three positive impacts and their rationale · include three issues of concern to the industry and their solutions · include and accurately interpret data and statistical information from credible sources R 2. word count is approximately 250 words. 3.3 Create Information Sheet 3 In this subtask, you will continue updating the corporate knowledge base with information related to developments within digital communications technology and their impact on the marketing communication industry. R 1. create the ‘Information Sheet 3’ using the template provided (‘Infosheet 3’): · summarise your findings from Task 3.1 and 3.2 · your document must conform to the standards outlined in the Fusion Marketing Style Guide · word count is not critical, but page count is maximum two A4 pages R 2. update the corporate knowledge base: · upload the document to your corporate knowledge base · ensure access by all stakeholders · maintain a logical hierarchical structure R 3. produce screen shots of your knowledge base and attach to your Student Assessment Workbook. Task 4: Monitor the Industry and Share Knowledge In this task, you will conduct formal and informal research on the current issues to the industry. Then, you will share these updates with the two stakeholders and update the corporate knowledge base. 4.1 Research the current issues of concern to the industry R 1. conduct formal and informal research on the current issues of concern to the industry: · identify three issues · these issues must be different than the ones you already discussed in Task 3.2 · identify three solutions for each issue R 2. create a slideshow presentation incorporating the findings from their research: · have a professional format · detail each issue with a minimum of five bullet points · detail each solution with a minimum of five bullet points · conform to the standards outlined in the Fusion Marketing Style Guide · word count is not critical. 4.2 Share updated knowledge with the two stakeholders R 1. present the research findings to the two Fusion Marketing stakeholders: · use the slideshow presentations prepared in Task 4.1 · cover all the three issues and their solutions R 2. for additional requirements, refer to the Observation Check Sheet in Appendix B R 3. the duration of this interactive session is 20 minutes. 4.3 Update the corporate knowledge base In this subtask, you will continue updating the corporate knowledge base with information related to current issues and their solutions on the marketing communication industry. R 1. update the corporate knowledge base: · upload your slideshow presentations to the corporate knowledge base · ensure access by all stakeholders · maintain a logical hierarchical structure R 2. produce screen shots of your knowledge base and attach to your Student Assessment Workbook.   Appendix A: Fusion Marketing Simulation Fusion Marketing Simulation Background Fusion Marketing is an innovative full-service marketing agency specialises in strategic thinking, marketing, branding, interactive solutions, and visual communication across a whole spectrum of media – from ideation and digital strategy through to UX, website design and development. The company is well-known as a full service creative and market intelligence agency driven by experienced decision makers, creative designers, market analysts, and digital producers who work together to assist clients achieve their business objectives. Fusion Marketing categorises their services in three main groups, as follows: Fusion Marketing’s current organisational structure for the marketing department is depicted below: Recently, the company has recruited an experienced staff member, a Social Media Coordinator, to the Online Advertising department with a key focus on managing social media advertising channels including content coordination and community engagement. This person has been on sabbatical for about a year due to family matters and have recently decided to come back to the workforce. You, as the Marketing Communications Officer working in the Public Relations department, have the following primary accountabilities: · create, edit and coordinate sending of regular client content including monthly newsletters, quarterly reports, agency magazine, industry alerts, etc. · assist Social Media Coordinator with creating digital content (such as social media posts, website content, etc.) in line with the agency’s social media and content strategy · assist with ad-hoc communications including client presentations, letters, speeches, seminar scripts, etc. · create staff communications including weekly updates, organisational events, changes in marketing policy and procedures, and other necessary internal and external matters · develop and maintain information sheets on key industry related knowledge in order to continuously update staff and clients on the current issues and trends of the industry · provide input to improve current departmental structure. Fusion Marketing highly values that their members of the organisation and clients are up to date with the latest changes and innovations in the marketing communication industry. This is to build and maintain a dynamic learning environment which has been closely embraced by the existing members. As the industry is constantly changing, the newcomer and the client feel that they need to polish their general knowledge of the structure, organisation and function of the marketing communication industry. They have expressed their feelings that they need to urgently catch up with the current environment to be better suited in their roles. To achieve this, you have been asked by the Director of Marketing and Communications to update the two stakeholders on the following: · structure and operation of the marketing communication industry · industry sectors, associations, networks and societal role · key stakeholders within the industry · employment obligations and opportunities · current trends and issues.   Simulation Phases This simulation is divided into the following phases: Phase 1: you will produce the first information sheet to update the two stakeholders about the core marketing communications industry framework.     Phase 2: you will produce the second information sheet to update the two stakeholders about the employment obligations and opportunities relevant to the marketing communication industry.     Phase 3: you will produce the third information sheet to update the two stakeholders about the digital trends in the marketing communication industry.     Phase 4: you will monitor the issues of concern to the industry and share updated knowledge with the two stakeholders. Your Role in the Simulation You will be the Marketing Communications Officer of Fusion Marketing in the simulation. Your roles and responsibilities in the simulation are as follows: Phase 1: Phase 1 occurs from Task 1.1 to 1.10. In Phase 1 your main duties in the organisation are as follows: · develop knowledge of the marketing communication industry covering the following areas: · industry structure · operation of the industry · organisational structure and client operating environment · organisational plans · industry sectors · industry associations and networks · societal role · key stakeholders · principles and practices of marketing communications and media strategies · produce an information sheet based on their findings to update the two stakeholders · establish a corporate cloud knowledge base as their typical work role. Note that you will produce this information sheet using the organisational template provided – Infosheet 1 (see separate attachment). Also, your information sheet will conform to the organisational style guide – Fusion Marketing Style Guide (see separate attachment). Phase 2 Phase 2 occurs from Task 2.1 to 2.3. In Phase 2, your main duties in the organisation are as follows: · develop knowledge of the marketing communication industry covering the following areas: · employment obligations in the industry · opportunities in the industry · produce an information sheet based on their findings to update the two stakeholders · update the corporate cloud knowledge base as their typical work role. Note that you will produce this information sheet using the organisational template provided – Infosheet 2 (see separate attachment) which will conform to the Fusion Marketing Style Guide. Phase 3 Phase 3 occurs from Task 3.1 to 3.3. In Phase 3, your main duties in the organisation are as follows: · develop knowledge of the marketing communication industry covering the following areas: · trends in digital communications technology for marketing communication · positive impacts of these trends on the industry · issues of concern are brought by the trends · possible solutions to these issues · produce an information sheet based on their findings to update the two stakeholders · update the corporate cloud knowledge base as their typical work role. Note that you will produce this information sheet using the organisational template provided – Infosheet 3 (see separate attachment) which will conform to the Fusion Marketing Style Guide. Phase 4 Phase 4 occurs in Task 4.1 to 4.3. In Phase 4, your main duties in the organisation are as follows: · conduct formal and informal research on current issues of concern · hold a meeting with internal and external stakeholders to share their findings · update the corporate knowledge base. Note that in Task 4.2, you will hold a face-to-face meeting with the two key stakeholders: · Social Media Coordinator – the internal stakeholder · The Client – the external stakeholder. This meeting will have a duration of 20 minutes where you will present your findings from Task 4.2. Note that your Assessor will not play a role in this observation activity as they will be observing your interaction with the stakeholders and documenting evidence in the Observation Check Sheet provided in Appendix B. Assessment Conditions for the Observation The information in this section outlines the assessment conditions for the Observation which occurs in Phase 4, Task 4.2 and involves your interaction with two stakeholders. Before the Observation: · you must ensure that you have read and understood any documents required to undertake the Observation · you must ensure that you have read and understood all performance requirements listed under each task · you must ensure that you have read the requirements listed in the Observation Check Sheet as your performance will be judged based on these criteria (see Appendix B) · your Assessor will inform you of the date of your Observation. During the Observation: · you will be interacting with the Client and Social Media Coordinator · it has a total duration of 20 minutes · other students will not be observers during the session as this will give them an unfair advantage · these stakeholders will be role played by staff from the RTO or other externals · your Assessor will brief them on your topic so that they can carry out their actions in an appropriate manner · you cannot refer to the Observation Check Sheet while undertaking the Observation · your Assessor will: · observe you individually based on the criteria in the Observation Check Sheet · document their observations in detail on the Observation Check Sheet · provide extensive written feedback

 

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Excel User’s Manual with Exercises

for Marketing Research, 9th Edition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Please note: Wiley is no longer distributing SPSS with our textbooks. IBM, owners of SPSS, is no longer partnering with any publisher to distribute SPSS with any textbook. This is a decision made by IBM and is outside of Wiley’s control. Access to SPSS can be purchased by going to this website http://www.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/products/statistics/gradpack/ and by clicking on “Buy Student Versions” in the bottom right corner. If you have questions you can contact:

 

V. Monica Young

Sales Specialist, Publications

Business Analytics

Tel: (312) 651-3157

E-mail: [email protected]

PREFACE

 

This Excel User Guide is provided for students who will be working with the Excel version of the SPSS Exercises to accompany McDaniel and Gates, Marketing Research, 9e. It consists of detailed step-by-step instructions for each exercise, accompanied by relative visual aids, such as “screen shots,” to further serve as “road map” indicators ensuring that you are on the right track. The guide also includes periodic “troubleshooting” tips such as, “If you see “#####” in cell A3, then you need to…”

 

NOTE: All Exercises must be completed in chronological order, omitting none, for successful completion of this data analysis project.

 

NOTE: You must have the “Data Analysis Toolpack” installed for your Microsoft Excel program. To check to see if you have it: open Excel and click “Tools” on the toolbar at the top of the screen. If you see “Data Analysis” in the tools menu, then you are ready to go! If you do not see “Data Analysis” you will have to select “Add-Ins…” from the menu, click the “Data Analysis ToolPack” box, and hit “Ok”.

 

 

 

If something happens whereby the computer can’t find the file needed to install the pack, then ask your professor or lab assistant for help!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Preface ii

 

Chapter 14: Sample Size Determination 1

 

Exercise #1: Sample Size Determination Using the Sample Means Method 1

 

Exercise #2: Determining the Reliability/Confidence of Sample Results 5

 

Chapter 15: Data Processing and Fundamental Data Analysis 7

 

Exercise #1: Machine Cleaning Data 7

 

Exercise #2: Analysis of Data with Frequency Distributions 11

 

Exercise #3: Analysis of Data with Descriptive Statistics 13

 

Exercise #4: Analysis of Demographic Characteristics Using Charts 15

 

Chapter 16: Statistical Testing of Differences and Relationships 18

 

Exercise #1: Analyzing Data Using Crosstabulation Analysis 18

 

Exercise #2: T/Z Test for Independent Samples 28

 

Exercise #3: ANOVA Test for Independent Samples 38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ii

 

Chapter 14 – Sample Size Determination

 

Exercise #1: Sample Size Determination Using the Sample Means Method

 

 

 

1

 

(1) Go to the Wiley website at www.wiley.com/college/mcdaniel and download the “Segmenting the College Student Market for Movie Attendance” database for Excel. Also download a copy of the “Segmenting the College Student Market for Movie Attendance” questionnaire so that you can understand the database contents. The most important items in the survey are in question #5. It contains 9 movie items in which respondents rate their relative importance. When you open the database, take note of the variable descriptions and the computer coding for each of the variables, which are contained in the “Variable Labels” and the “Value Labels” worksheets of the Excel Workbook.

 

 

 

 

(2) As you’ve learned in class and from reading the course text, the Sample Means method of sample size determination consists of:

i. required confidence level (z)

ii. level of tolerable error (e)

iii. estimated population variance (2)

iv. estimated sample size (n)

v. Formula: n = (z2 * 2)/e2

(3) Of the various methods of deriving sample size, estimated population standard deviation can be estimated based on prior studies, expert judgment, or by conducting a pilot sample. For this problem, we are going to estimate population standard deviation using a pilot sample . To do this you will use only the first 200 cases in the Segmenting the College Student Market for Movie Attendance database. We are assuming that these are responses to a pilot sample, and we will use them to estimate the needed sample size.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Do This : In the database, you’ll notice that questionnaire number 200 falls into line 201 because the field titles are in row number 1. So, highlight row “202” in the database, click “insert” on toolbar at top of screen, and select “row.” You do this so that you can have a blank working space in which to calculate the standard deviation of the pilot sample. (if you mess up and insert a row in the wrong place, just select the row, click “edit” and select “delete”; then insert the row in the right place).

 

 

(4) Now, Do This: select cell F202 and enter this formula: =STDEV(F2:F201)

This formula computes the standard deviation for all 200 responses for variable Q5a.

If you have #NAME instead of some decimal number in cell F202 of your database worksheet, then you forgot to put the colon (:) between the F2 and F201 in your formula. When you have something to the nature of 0.5 in your cell F202, then you’re good to go. Now select that cell and position the cursor until you have the fill tool indicator that looks like a cross. Now drag the tool cursor all the way to variable Q5i and drop it.

 

 

Congratulations, you just calculated the standard deviation for all of the components of question five of the survey (the most important questions that we are interested in, as stated above). We are assuming that each of the 9 variables is equally important with respect to the research objective.

 

(5) As you have learned from class lectures and from reading your course text, sample size determination can be reached by selecting the variable with the largest computed standard deviation.

Answer the following questions:

 

1. Which of the 9 movie theatre items had the largest standard deviation? ________________

 

2. Now, using the formula for the sample means method of sample size determination that you learned in class, make the necessary computations for each of the following:

a. Compute sample size given the following:

i. required confidence level (Z) is 95.44%.

ii. tolerable error (e) is .1 or 1/10 of a response point.

iii. standard deviation () = _____________________

iv. sample size (n) = ________________________

 

· Compute sample size given the following:

i. required confidence level (Z) is 99.72%.

ii. tolerable error (e) is .1 or 1/10 of a response point.

iii. standard deviation () = ___________________

iv. sample size (n) = ________________________

 

3. How do your computed sample sizes in the problems above compare to the total number of cases in the Segmenting the College Student Market for Movie Attendance database?

____________________________________

 

4. We are going to assume that the objective of our research concerning students attendance at movies can be expressed as a dichotomy (greater or lesser, etc.), for example, it doesn’t matter how much one group attends movies over another group, but just who attends the most. To accomplish this we can use the much less complicated sample proportions formula. We are going to assume that we have no prior studies, hence, in the sample proportions formula P = .5 and (1 – P) = .5. You will not need Excel to assist you with this computation .

 

a. Compute sample size given the following:

i. required confidence level (Z) is 95.44%.

ii. tolerable error (e) is .05 or accuracy within 5% of the true

population mean.

iii. standard deviation P = .5 and (1 – P) = .5

iv. sample size (n) = ________________________

b. Compute sample size given the following:

v. required confidence level (Z) is 99.72%.

vi. tolerable error (e) is .03 or accuracy within 3% of the true

population mean.

vii. standard deviation P = .5 and (1 – P) = .5

viii. sample size (n) = ________________________

 

NOTE: Once you have completed this exercise, DELETE the new row that you have created (row 202) before proceeding to the next exercise to avoid treating the standard errors as a row of data.

 

 

 

 

 

Exercise #2: Determining the Reliability/Confidence of Sample Results

 

(1) Instead of determining the needed sample size, we will now evaluate the confidence level of results derived from the entire Segmenting the College Student Market for Movie Attendance database. To evaluate this type of confidence, using the sample means formula, solve for Z instead of n. Hence, use the formula Z 2 = n * e2/o2. Then take the square root of Z2. You can go to the normal distribution table in the appendix of your text to determine the confidence level associated with the database. For the sample proportions formula, solve for Z using the formula Z2 = (n * e2)/[P(1 – P)] , then take the square root of Z2.

 

You can also use Excel to calculate the confidence level for the entire database. As you know from class, a confidence level for a normal distribution requires two tails. So you multiply 1-α by two. But don’t worry about that by itself… just enter the following formula into a blank cell, such as A503: =2*NORMSDIST(your Z value)-1.

A good Z-value is 1.75, since it corresponds to a confidence level of a little over 90% (the general cut-off for significance).

 

(2)

(3) Now, remember that we assume that question #5 has the most important questions in the questionnaire, with respect to the research objectives. Let’s calculate the standard deviation for these questions, but this time for the entire database instead of just the first 200 responses.

 

(4) Do This: select cell F504 and enter this formula: =STDEV(F2:F501) in order to have Excel compute the standard deviation for all responses for question 5a. It should be something close to 0.59.

REMINDER: You will need to DELETE row 202 from the prior exercise if you haven’t already. Otherwise, the calculation here will be off. The final line of data should be row 501 as shown above.

 

 

 

 

 

Now select that cell and position the cursor until you have the fill tool indicator that looks like a cross. Now drag the tool cursor all the way to variable Q5i and drop it. Now you have computed the standard deviation for all responses to Q5a through Q5i. Choose the question with the largest standard deviation and use it in the formula for computing the confidence level in the following problem.

 

 

 

(3) Given the preceding, compute the confidence level associated with the Segmenting the College Student Market for Movie Attendance database, given the following:

1. a. tolerable error is .1 or 1/10 of a response point.

b. sample size = 500.

c. standard deviation ______________________

 

2. Confidence Level = _______________________%

 

3. How do the results in 2. above compare to the results in 2. of the sample size determination problem?

___________________________________________________________

 

(4) Sample Proportions Formula: Given the information below, compute the confidence level associated with the Segmenting the College Student Marketing for Movie Attendance database. You will not need Excel to make this computation .

a. tolerable error is .05 or 5%

b. sample size = 500

c. standard deviation P = .5 and (1 – P) = .5

 

1. Confidence Level = ________________________%

 

2. How the results in this problem compare the confidence level in #2 of (3)?

____________________________________________________________

 

 

Chapter 15 – Data Processing and Fundamental Data Analysis

 

Exercise #1: Machine Cleaning Data

 

(1) Go to the Wiley website at www.wiley.com/college/mcdaniel and download the “Segmenting the College Student Market for Movie Attendance” Excel database. This database will have several errors for you to correct. Click on the “Value Labels” tab at the bottom of the Excel worksheet and notice the computer coding for each variable.

(2) Also from the Wiley website, download a copy of the “Segmenting the College Student Market for Movie Attendance” questionnaire. Notice the computer coding for each of the variables; it is the same as that in the “Value Labels” in the Excel worksheet. This information will be important in finding errors in the database.

(3) Now it’s time to check the database for errors. As you noticed in the “Value Labels”

worksheet, there are a limited number of possible answers to each question. For example, for Q1, “Did you attend at least one movie at a movie theatre in the past year?,” a respondent is only able to answer “Yes” or “No.” Therefore, the minimum value possible for that question is “0,” the numerical value label assigned to that response for the “No” response to for question; and the maximum value possible is “1,” the numerical label assigned to the “Yes” response for that question. In Excel, we can use formulas to find the minimum and maximum values among all 500 responses to any given question. So, if we find that the maximum value among all of the responses for Q1 is “2,” then we know that there was an error in the data entry process, because the only possible maximum value is “1,” meaning that the respondent answered “Yes” to the question. So,

 

Do This: In a blank cell, such as B503, enter this formula: =MIN(B2:B501)

You should get a calculated value of zero, which is what we expected.

 

Now, Do This: In the blank cell directly beneath the one you put the MIN formula in, say B504, enter this formula: =MAX(B2:B501)

 

You should get a calculated value of 1, theoretically, but you’ll see that you actually get a calculated value of 2, which means that someone messed up in entering the data. So, we need to find the error in the Q1 column.

 

 

 

 

 

Do This: Select the Q1 column (column B) to highlight it. Then click “Edit” on the toolbar at the top of the screen and select “find” (of for a shortcut, hold the “ctrl” button and hit “f,” which is the “find” command). The “find” window will pop up. Enter “2” in the box and hit enter. Excel will go to the location of the first 2 that it finds in the column for Q1.

 

 

Follow this procedure for finding errors in the columns for the rest of the variables. For example, for Q2, “Indicate how important you consider going to the movies at a movie theatre, relative to other leisure activities,” the minimum possible value is “1” for “Very Unimportant,” and the maximum possible value is “4” for “Very Important.” Since you have already entered the MIN and MAX formulas for Q1, all you really have to do is highlight cells B503 and B504, position the cursor so that you have the fill tool that looks like a cross, and drag the cursor all the way to the cells AE503 and AE504.

 

NOTE: If your spreadsheet contains values in rows 503 or 504 from completing the second exercise of Chapter 14 (computing standard deviations), you can delete them before filling in the cells or simply “drag” over them as shown in the subsequent screenshot.

 

 

 

 

When you analyze what you have just done, you see that:

 

· we have an error in the column for Q1 (as we already discussed)

· there are no errors in the column for Q2

· the MIN and MAX for Q3 don’t matter because it’s an open-ended question

· we have an error in the column for Q5f (the MAX value is 7, which is not a possible response)

· we have an error in the column for Q6

· the MIN and MAX for Q8a-d don’t matter because they are open-ended questions (however, we can check these for errors using another way, which we will do in a minute)

· we have an error in the column for Q9

· we have an error in the column for Q10

· there are no errors in the column for Q11

· we have an error in the column for Q12

· there are no errors in the column for Q13

· there are no errors in the column for Q14

 

(4) When you have determined which variables have input errors, summarize the errors using the template below as a guide.

 

Questionnaire Number	Variable containing error	Incorrect Value	Correct value

 

 

(5) Now, as we stated above, another possible source of errors is in question 8. Notice that in this question that the sum of the answers should be 100%. To check that these add up to 100% for each respondent, just enter the following formula into a blank cell for Questionnaire Number 1 (such as cell AF2): =SUM(V2:Y2) (there are also other ways to calculate the sum of certain cells using Excel; see if you can play around with the tools or if you can figure out varying but equivalent formulas will do the trick!)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Now all that you have to do to calculate the sum of Q8a-d for the rest of the database is to use the “fill” tool that you have most likely mastered by now! [Highlight cell AF2, position the cursor to get the “fill” tool, then “drag” the cursor all the way to the last Questionnaire entry.]

 

 

When you look over the calculated sums, you will notice that there is an error in the row for Questionnaire number 238, because the sum of Q8a-d is 110, when it should only be 100.

 

 

(6) Once you have completed summarizing the variables containing errors, position the cursor on each of the variable columns containing errors (one at a time) to highlight the column. Use the ctrl-f function to find the questionnaire numbers where the errors occurred. The best approach to handling the errors for this assignment is to treat them as missing values. To do so, simply delete the incorrect numbers and leave the corresponding cell blank. Be sure to resave your database after correcting it for errors.

(7) After machine cleaning your data, you will notice that the values for your MIN and MAX formulas for your corrected database are now in accordance with the correct range for the value labels.

 

Exercise #2: Analysis of Data with Frequency Distributions

 

 

 

 

Now that you have a clean database, let’s obtain frequencies for all of the variables! First, let’s create multiple workspaces: position your cursor on the topmost left corner of the worksheet and click it to highlight the entire worksheet.

 

 

Now hold “Ctrl” and hit “c” for the “copy” command. Click Sheet 2 on the bottom of the screen to open a blank worksheet, position the cursor in cell A1, and hold “Ctrl” and hit “v” for the “paste” command (you can also use the copy and paste icons on the toolbar at the top of the screen for these commands). You’ll see that you just created an exact replica of your original clean database. Do this again in about 5 or 6 other worksheets (you may not use them all), and name them each something unique whenever you start to use them by double-clicking on the word “Sheet 1” (etc.) to highlight it and replace the text.

 

 

To make it easier to work with your worksheets, you can “freeze” the panes that indicate the Questionnaire number and the Variables:

Highlight cell B2, click “Window” on the toolbar at the top of the screen, and select “Freeze Panes.” From now on, no matter where you are in the database, you will still be able to see the variable labels and the questionnaire numbers.

 

 

 

We will now use the COUNTIF functions to determine frequencies for each variable.

 

How many people answered “Yes” to Question 1?

In cell B503 enter the following formula: =COUNTIF(B2:B501,1)

Excel calculates that 450 respondents answered “Yes” to Q1

What percent of the respondents answered “Yes” to Q1?

In cell B504 enter the following formula: =B503/500 (remember 500 is the total number

of respondents)

Excel calculates that 90% of the respondents answered “Yes” to Q1

 

How many people answered “No” to Question 1?

In cell B506 enter the following formula: =COUNTIF(B2:B501,0)

Excel calculates that 50 respondents answered “No” to Q1

 

What percent of the respondents answered “No” to Q1?

In cell B507 enter the following formula: =B506/500

Excel calculates that 10% of the respondents answered “No” to Q1

 

Use this COUNTIF method to answer the following questions, but remember that for some questions, not all 500 respondents marked an answer. So, in cases where you are asked to find percentages, you will have to divide the COUNTIF calculation by the true number of respondents for that question.

 

Answer the following:

1. What percentage of all respondents attended at least 1 movie in the past year? ______%

 

2. What percentage of all respondents never buy food items at a movie? ______%

 

(Hint: {=COUNTIF(E2:E501,4)/500} )

 

3. Produce a table indicating the percentage of all respondents that consider each of the movie theatre items in Question 5 of the questionnaire very important. List the top 5 movie items in descending order (start with the movie item have the highest percentage of very important responses).

 

For Example:

Movie Item	Percentage of Respondents
Movie Item with the highest percentage	63.0%
Movie Item with the 2nd highest percentage, etc.	57.6%

 

4. What percentage of respondents consider the “newspaper” a very important

source of information about movies playing at movie theatres? _______%

 

5. What percentage of respondents consider the “Internet” a very unimportant source

of information about movies playing at movie theatres? _______%

 

6. By observing the distribution of responses for Q8a, Q8b, Q8c and Q8d, which is

the most popular purchase option for movie theatre tickets? _______________

 

7. Produce a table listing in descending order the percentage of respondents that consider each of the movie theatre information sources (Q7) very important.

 

 

 

For Example:

Movie Theatre Information Sources	Percentage of Respondents indicating Very Important
Internet	44.4%
Newspaper	25.8%

 

Exercise #3: Analysis of Data with Descriptive Statistics

 

The objective of this exercise is to analyze data using measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion. To analyze means and standard deviations, we will use the =AVERAGE() and =STDEV() functions. To analyze medians and modes, we will use the =MEDIAN() and =MODE() functions.

On the questionnaire, Question #5 utilizes a 4-point Itemized Rating scale (illustrated below). This scale is balanced and can be assumed to yield interval scale/metric data. Given the preceding, invoke SPSS to calculate the mean and standard deviation for all of the variables in Question 5 (Q5a-Q5i).

 

 

 

EXAMPLES:

 

 

 

 

Very unimportant	Somewhat unimportant	Somewhat important	Very important
1	2	3	4

 

 

Answer the following questions:

 

1. Using only the mean for each of the variables, which of the movie theatre items was considered “most important?” __________________

 

2. Using only the standard deviation for each of the variables, for which question

was there the greatest amount of agreement? __________________

 

( Hint: Least amount of dispersion regarding the response to the movie item)

 

3. Questions 4 & 6 utilize multiple choice questions which yield non-metric data,

but which is ordinal scale. The appropriate measures of central tendency for non-

metric data are the median and mode.

a. What is the median response for Question #4, concerning the amount a

person spends on food/drink items at a movie? ________________

 

 

Never buy food items at movies (0)	Up to $7.49 (1)	$7.50 to $14.99 (2)	$15.00 or more (3)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

b. Concerning Question #6, the distance a person would drive to see a movie

on a “big screen,” what is the mode of that distribution of responses?

 

Zero (0)	1 to 9 miles (1)	11 to 24 miles (2)	25 to 49 miles (3)	50+ miles (4)

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. In this question the objective will be to compare the results of median and mean responses for Q3.

a. Mean response: _________

b. Median response: _________

c. Standard Deviation: _________

d. Minimum response: _________

e. Maximum response: _________

 

5. When the responses to a question contain extreme values, the mean response can be lie in the upper or lower quartile of the response distribution. In such a case, the median value would be a better indicator of an average response than the mean value. Given the information you obtained from answering #4 above, is the Mean or Median a better representative of the “average” response to Q3?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

 

Exercise #4: Analysis of Demographic Characteristics Using Charts

 

 

 

 

 

You will use the COUNTIF() method described above to obtain frequencies for the demographic questions (questions 11-14).

EXAMPLE:.

 

Answer the following questions.

 

1. Display the demographic data for each of the four demographic variables in tables.

 

 

a)

 

b) Fill in the other demographics by dragging the “fill” tool as in examples from previous exercises.

 

c)

 

2.

3. For each demographic variable, illustrate the table results using some type of graphic representation of the data (pie charts, line charts, or bar charts).

 

EXAMPLE:

 

 

(The data in the picture to the left would create a pie chart like the one on the right.)

 

Chapter 16 – Statistical Testing of Differences and Relationships

 

 

Exercise #1: Analyzing Data Using Crosstabulation Analysis

 

Go to the Wiley website at www.wiley.com/college/mcdaniel and download the worksheet for this exercise. In this exercise you will use Excel to construct a “Pivot Table” in order to perform a Chi-Square test for statistically significant correlations between specified variables.

 

 

 

In this exercise we are assessing whether or not persons who attend movies at movie theatres are demographically different from those who do not. We will use the following pairs of variables:

 

a. Q1 & Q11

b. Q1 & Q12

c. Q1 & Q13

d. Q1 & Q14

 

In the worksheet “Q1xQ11,” when you scroll down, you will see some tables. These tables contain analysis results for Q1 and Q11. The first table is the Pivot Table. The second table is a crosstabulation that references the pivot table and contains the actual counts of the variables in relation to one another.

 

 

The third, fourth, and fifth tables contain the row, column, and total percents relative to the variables.

 

 

 

The sixth table contains the expected count, which is the expected number in each cell if the two variables were linearly independent, meaning that there was no correlation between them.

 

 

The seventh table contains the elements for the Chi-Square value. Finally, the results of the Chi-Square test are at the bottom of the worksheet. The Chi-Square value is the sum of the numbers from the last table. The number of columns and rows has been entered already to determine the degrees of freedom. The CHIDIST function then determines the significance of the Chi-Square value.

 

You will now need to use these tables to analyze the other variable combinations above.

 

Do This:

 

Copy the worksheet three times (into three new worksheets like you did for a previous exercise).

 

Right Click on the Pivot Table.

Click “Pivot Table Wizard” on the pop-up menu and click “Finish”.

Drag Q11 out to the Pivot Table into the Pivot Table Field List.

Drag Q12 from the Pivot Table Field List into the column header (from where you just removed Q11).

 

Your Pivot Table should have changed!

 

 

But Wait! Do you see “#REF!” in the tables underneath the Pivot Table???

 

If yes, then GOOD! Because that’s what’s supposed to happen! This happens because the Actual Count table is still looking for Q11! In the actual count table, change the references for each of the four conditions (e.g., Q1=0 and Q11=1, Q1=0 an Q11=1, etc.) by doing the following. In the cell for Q1=0 and Q11=0, type “=” and then select the coordinating cell in the pivot table. Repeat this process for the remaining cells. For Q12, since there are only two responses (i.e. 0 and 1) instead of four (i.e., 1,2,3,4), you will need to clear the contents for the two columns that are no longer in use. Also, for Q12 (only), you also have to change the column labels from a range of 1 to “blank” to a range of 0 to 1. For all of the remaining tables, you will need to adjust the column headings and CLEAR CONTENTS for the two columns not in use (i.e., labeled 3 and 4).

 

 

 

 

 

 

If you see the #### symbols in any table, this indicates that the calculated value won’t fit in the cell and that you have to resize it by clicking, holding, and dragging the line between column headings until your values fit.

 

 

Now do the crosstabulation analysis for the rest of the variable combinations that we are interested in for this exercise.

 

Answer questions 1-6 using only the sample data. Do not consider the results of the chi-square test.

 

1. What % of males do not attend movies at movie theatres? _________%

2. What % of all respondents are African-American and do not _________%

attend movies at movie theatres?

3. What % of respondents not attending movies at movie theatres _________%

are in the 19-20 age category?

4. Which classification group is most likely to attend movies _________

at movie theatres?

5. Which age category is least likely to attend movies at a _________

movie theatre?

6. Are Caucasians less likely to attend movies at movie theatres _________

than African-Americans?

 

For question 7, the objective is to determine statistically whether in the population from which the sample data was drawn, if there were demographic differences in persons who attend and do not attend movies at movie theatres. We do this by using the results of the chi-square test for independent samples .

 

7. Evaluate the chi-square statistic in each of your crosstab tables. Construct a table

to summarize the results.

 

For example:

Variables	Pearson Chi-Square	Degrees of Freedom	asymp sig.	Explanation
Q1 (attend or not attend movies at movie theatres & Q12 (gender)	4.76	3	.189	We can be 90% confident that based on our sample results, males differ significantly from females in their tendency to attend or not attend movies at movie theatres.

 

 

Exercise #2: T/Z Test for Independent Samples.

 

Go to the Wiley website at www.wiley.com/college/mcdaniel and download the worksheet for this exercise. This exercise compares males and females (Q12) regarding the information sources they utilize to search for information about movies at movie theatres (Q7a-e). The data has been sorted by gender (Q12) for you. Males are in rows 2 through 228 and females are in rows 229 through 501.

 

 

 

Before we conduct the t-Tests, as you learned in class, the T/Z Test involves the tests for the Equality of Means and the Levene’s Test for the Equality of Variance. The result of this latter test will indicate which functions in Excel to use.

 

 

 

 

For the Levene’s test, Do This:

 

Click “Tools” on the toolbar at the top of the screen, select “Data Analysis”, select “t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances”, and click “Ok”.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

To run a test comparing the variances of male and female population for Q7a, in the box labeled Variable 1 range, enter: “B2:B228,” and in the box labeled Variable 2 range, enter: “B229:B501” (as shown below). Then click on “OK.”

 

 

 

The results will appear in a new sheet. We can see (below) that the variance test is not significant. Hence we can do a t-Test with equal variances assumed. If this test were significant, we would simply choose to do a t-Test with equal variances not assumed, and follow the exact same procedure we are about to detail.

 

 

 

 

For the t-Test, Do This:

 

Click “Tools” on the toolbar at the top of the screen, select “Data Analysis”, select “t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances”, and click “Ok”.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

To run a t-test for Q7a, in the box labeled Variable 1 range, enter: “B2:B228,” and in the box labeled Variable 2 range, enter: “B229:B501” (as shown below). Then, enter a “0” in the box labeled hypothesized Mean Difference. Then click on “OK.”

 

 

In a new worksheet, you will see the results below. Please note: you can change the cells with scientific notation to a regular number by selecting the cell and selecting format from the menus.

 

 

 

Repeat this process and the test of equal variances for q7b-f.

 

When you do the t-test this way, you can look at the calculated t statistic and compare it to the critical t value. If the calculated t statistic is greater than the critical t value, then the test is significant, meaning males and females differ significantly concerning the sources by which they get their movie theatre information.

 

 

 

Answer the following questions:

 

From these results of our sample data, can we generalize our results to the population by saying that males differ from females regarding the importance they place on various information

sources to get information about movies at movie theatres by:

1. the newspaper (Q7a)?

2. the Internet (Q7b)?

4. phoning in to the movie theatre for information (Q7c)?

5. the television (Q7d)?

6. friends or family (Q7e)?

 

You may want to use the template below to summarize your T-test results. For example:

Variables	Mean Difference	Means Prob of Sig diff	Interpretation of Results
Q12 (gender) & Q7a (newspaper)	.373	.000	99.9% confident that based on our sample results, males differ significantly from females concerning the importance they place on the newspaper as an information source about movies at movie theatres (means test).

 

 

Exercise #3: ANOVA Test for Independent Samples.

 

Go to the Wiley website www.wiley.com/college/mcdaniel and download the worksheet for this exercise.

 

 

 

This exercise compares the responses of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, seniors, and graduate students to test for significant differences in the importance placed on several movie theatre items. The ANOVA test produces a SUMMARY table based on sample data. Just like the t-test, if the ANOVA test is significant, then we can make inferences about the general population under study concerning which student classification places most importance on comfortable seats, for example. You’ll notice that the data in the worksheet has been grouped together (all of the responses that freshmen made for Q5a are grouped together, etc.) in a new worksheet called “Rearr Data.” This is necessary for Excel to run an ANOVA.

 

 

 

 

 

Now, Do This:

 

Click “Tools” on the toolbar at the top of the screen, select “Data Analysis”, select “ANOVA: Single Factor”, and click “Ok”.

 

 

 

 

Enter the following data range into the box: “A2:E155”, check the box by “Labels in First Row”, and hit “Ok”.

 

 

Look at the results:

 

 

 

 

 

Repeat the process and run ANOVA for the other variables.

 

Answer the following questions:

 

From our sample data, can we generalize our results to the population by saying that

there are significant differences across the classification of students by the importance

they place on the following movie theatre items?

 

1. video arcade at the movie theatre (Q5a)

2. soft drinks and food items Q5b)

3. plentiful restrooms (Q5c)

4. comfortable chairs (Q5d)

5. auditorium type seating (Q5e)

6. size of the movie theatre screens (Q5f)

7. quality of the sound system (Q5g)

8. number of screens at a movie theatre (Q5h)

9. clean restroom (Q5i)

10. Using only the descriptive statistics, which classification group (Q13) places the

least amount of importance on clean restrooms (Q5i)? ___________________

 

11. Using only the SUMMARY table, which classification group (Q13) places the

greatest amount of importance on quality of sound system (Q5i)?

___________________

 

Summarize the results of your ANOVA analysis using a table similar to the one below.

 

Variables	Degrees of Freedom	F-Value	Probability of Insignificance	Interpretation of Results
Q5a (importance of a video arcade) & Q13 (student classification)	4, 442	.766	.548	The p-value for this test is well above .05, hence, there is NO significant difference in importance of video arcades due to student level.

 

 

 

 

 

Ethnic Background

African-

American

50%

Caucasian

20%

Other

20%

Hispanic

10%

 

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