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Fundamental Accounting Principles
24th edition
John J. Wild University of Wisconsin at Madison
Ken W. Shaw University of Missouri at Columbia
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To my students and family, especially Kimberly, Jonathan, Stephanie, and Trevor. To my wife Linda and children Erin, Emily, and Jacob.
FUNDAMENTAL ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES, TWENTY-FOURTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2019 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions ©2017, 2015, and 2013. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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ISBN 978-1-259-91696-0 (combined bound edition) MHID 1-259-91696-0 (combined bound edition) ISBN 978-1-260-15855-7 (combined loose-leaf edition) MHID 1-260-15855-1 (combined loose-leaf edition) ISBN 978-1-260-15860-1 (principles bound edition, chapters 1-17) MHID 1-260-15860-8 (principles bound edition, chapters 1-17) ISBN 978-1-260-15861-8 (principles loose-leaf edition, chapters 1-17) MHID 1-260-15861-6 (principles loose-leaf edition, chapters 1-17)
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Compositor: Aptara®, Inc.
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All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Wild, John J., author. | Shaw, Ken W., author. Title: Fundamental accounting principles / John J. Wild, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Ken W. Shaw, University of Missouri at Columbia. Description: 24th edition. | Dubuque, IA : McGraw-Hill Education, [2018] | Revised edition of Fundamental accounting principles, [2017] Identifiers: LCCN 2018016853 | ISBN 9781259916960 (alk. paper) | ISBN 1259916960 (alk. paper) | ISBN 9781260158601 (alk. paper) | ISBN 1260158608 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Accounting. Classification: LCC HF5636 .W675 2018 | DDC 657—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018016853 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered
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About the Authors
Courtesy of John J. Wild
JOHN J. WILD is a distinguished professor of accounting at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. He previously held appointments at Michigan State University and the University of Manchester in England. He received his BBA, MS, and PhD from the University of Wisconsin.
John teaches accounting courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. He has received numerous teaching honors, including the Mabel W. Chipman Excellence-in- Teaching Award and the departmental Excellence-in-Teaching Award, and he is a two-time recipient of the Teaching Excellence Award from business graduates at the University of Wisconsin. He also received the Beta Alpha Psi and Roland F. Salmonson Excellence-in- Teaching Award from Michigan State University. John has received several research honors, is a past KPMG Peat Marwick National Fellow, and is a recipient of fellowships from the American Accounting Association and the Ernst and Young Foundation.
John is an active member of the American Accounting Association and its sections. He has served on several committees of these organizations, including the Outstanding Accounting Educator Award, Wildman Award, National Program Advisory, Publications, and Research Committees. John is author of Financial Accounting, Managerial Accounting, Financial and Managerial Accounting, and College Accounting, all published by McGraw- Hill Education.
John’s research articles on accounting and analysis appear in The Accounting Review; Journal of Accounting Research; Journal of Accounting and Economics; Contemporary Accounting Research; Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance; Journal of Accounting and Public Policy; Accounting Horizons; and other journals. He is past associate editor of Contemporary Accounting Research and has served on several editorial boards including The Accounting Review and the Journal of Accounting and Public Policy.
In his leisure time, John enjoys hiking, sports, boating, travel, people, and spending time with family and friends.
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Using Learning Science and Data Analytics
Courtesy of Ken W. Shaw
KEN W. SHAW is an associate professor of accounting and the KPMG/Joseph A. Silvoso Distinguished Professor of Accounting at the University of Missouri. He previously was on the faculty at the University of Maryland at College Park. He has also taught in international programs at the University of Bergamo (Italy) and the University of Alicante (Spain). He received an accounting degree from Bradley University and an MBA and PhD from the University of Wisconsin. He is a Certified Public Accountant with work experience in public accounting.
Ken teaches accounting at the undergraduate and graduate levels. He has received numerous School of Accountancy, College of Business, and university-level teaching awards. He was voted the “Most Influential Professor” by four School of Accountancy graduating classes and is a two-time recipient of the O’Brien Excellence in Teaching Award. He is the advisor to his school’s chapter of the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners.
Ken is an active member of the American Accounting Association and its sections. He has served on many committees of these organizations and presented his research papers at national and regional meetings. Ken’s research appears in the Journal of Accounting Research; The Accounting Review; Contemporary Accounting Research; Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis; Journal of the American Taxation Association; Strategic Management Journal; Journal of Accounting, Auditing, and Finance; Journal of Financial Research; and other journals. He has served on the editorial boards of Issues in Accounting Education; Journal of Business Research; and Research in Accounting Regulation. Ken is co-author of Financial and Managerial Accounting, Managerial Accounting, and College Accounting, all published by McGraw-Hill Education.
In his leisure time, Ken enjoys tennis, cycling, music, and coaching his children’s sports teams.
Author Letter
We use data to make decisions and maximize performance. Like the mountain biker on the cover who uses data to track his progress, we used student performance data to identify content areas that can be made more direct, concise, and systematic.
Learning science reveals that students do not read large chunks of text, so we streamlined this edition to present it in a more focused, succinct, blocked format to improve student learning and retention. Our new edition delivers the same content in 115
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fewer pages. Visual aids and numerous videos offer additional learning aids. New summary Cheat Sheets conclude each chapter to visually reinforce key concepts and procedures.
Our new edition has over 1,500 videos to engage students and improve outcomes:
Concept Overview Videos—cover each chapter’s learning objectives with multimedia presentations that include Knowledge Checks to engage students and assess comprehension. Need-to-Know Demos—walk-through demonstrations of key procedures and analysis to ensure success with assignments and tests. Guided Examples (Hints)—step-by-step walk-through of assignments that mimic Quick Studies, Exercises, and General Ledger.
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Difference Makers in Teaching . . . Learning Science Learning analytics show that students learn better when material is broken into “blocks” of content. Each chapter opens with a visual preview. Learning objective numbers highlight the location of related content. Each “block” of content concludes with a Need- to-Know (NTK) to aid and reinforce student learning. Visual aids and concise, bullet-point discussions further help students learn.
New Revenue Recognition
Wild uses the popular gross method for merchandising transactions (net method is covered in an appendix). The gross method is widely used in practice and best for student success. Adjusting entries for new revenue recognition rules are included in an appendix. Assignments are clearly marked and separated. Wild is GAAP compliant.
Up-to-Date This book reflects changes in accounting for revenue recognition, investments, leases,
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and extraordinary items. It is important that students learn GAAP accounting.
Less Is More Wild has markedly fewer pages than competing books covering the same material.
The text is to the point and uses visuals to aid student learning. Bullet-point discussions and active writing aids learning. The 24th edition has 115 fewer pages than the 23rd edition—a 10% reduction!
Visual Learning
Learning analytics tell us today’s students do not read large blocks of text. Wild has adapted to student needs by having informative visual aids throughout. Many visuals and exhibits are new to this edition.
Videos
A growing number of students now learn accounting online. Wild offers over 1,500 videos designed to increase student engagement and improve outcomes. Hundreds of hint videos or Guided Examples provide a narrated, animated, step-by- step walk-through of select exercises similar to those assigned. These short presentations, which can be turned on or off by instructors, provide reinforcement when students need it most. (Exercise PowerPoints are available for instructors.) Concept Overview Videos cover each chapter’s learning objectives with narrated, animated presentations that frequently assess comprehension. Wild has concept overview presentations covering 228 Learning Objectives broken down into over 700 videos.
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Need-to-Know Demos Need-to-Know demonstrations are located at key junctures in each chapter. These demonstrations pose questions about the material just presented—content that students “need to know” to learn accounting. Accompanying solutions walk students through key procedures and analysis necessary to be successful with homework and test materials. Need-to-Know demonstrations are supplemented with narrated, animated, step-by-step walk-through videos led by an instructor and available via Connect.
Comprehensive Need-to-Know Comprehensive Need-to-Knows are problems that draw on material from the entire chapter. They include a complete solution, allowing students to review the entire problem-solving process and achieve success.
Driving Decisions Whether we prepare, analyze, or apply accounting information, one skill remains essential: decision making. To help develop good decision-making habits and to show the relevance of accounting, we use a learning framework.
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Decision Insight provides context for business decisions. Decision Ethics and Decision Maker are role-playing scenarios that show the relevance of accounting. Decision Analysis provides key tools to assess company performance.
Accounting Analytics New to this edition, Accounting Analysis assignments have students evaluate the most current financial statements from Apple, Google, and Samsung. Students compute key metrics and compare performance between companies and industry. These assignments are auto-gradable in Connect and are included after Problem Set B in the text.
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Keep It Real Research shows that students learn best when using current data from real companies. Wild uses the most current data from real companies for assignments, examples, and analysis in the text. See Chapter 17 for use of real data.
Cheat Sheets New to this edition, Cheat Sheets are provided at the end of each chapter. Cheat Sheets are roughly one page in length and include key procedures, concepts, journal entries, and formulas.
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Doing What’s Right Companies increasingly issue sustainability reports, and accountants are being asked to prepare, analyze, and audit them. Wild includes brief sections in the managerial chapters. This material focuses on the importance of sustainability within the context of accounting, including standards from the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB). Sustainability assignments cover chapter material with a social responsibility twist.
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SUPERIOR ASSIGNMENTS Connect helps students learn more efficiently by providing feedback and practice material when they need it, where they need it. Connect grades homework automatically and gives immediate feedback.
Wild has auto-gradable and algorithmic assignments; most focus on one learning objective and are targeted at introductory students. 90% of Wild’s Quick Study, Exercise, and Problem Set A assignments are available in Connect with algorithmic options. Over 210 assignments new to this edition—all available in Connect with algorithmic options. Nearly all are Quick Studies (brief exercises) and Exercises.
NEW! Concept Overview Videos Concept Overview Videos teach each chapter’s learning objectives through an engaging multimedia presentation. These learning tools enhance the text through video, audio, and checkpoint questions that can be graded—ensuring students complete and comprehend the material. Concept Overview Videos harness the power of technology to appeal to all learning styles and are ideal in all class formats. The Concept Overview Videos replace the previous edition’s Interactive Presentations.
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General Ledger Problems General Ledger Problems offer students the ability to record financial transactions and see how these transactions flow into financial statements. Easy minimal-scroll navigation, instant “Check My Work” feedback, and fully integrated hyperlinking across tabs show how inputted data affects each stage of the accounting process. General Ledger Problems expose students to general ledger software similar to that in practice, without the expense and hassle of downloading additional software. Algorithmic versions are available. All are auto-gradable.
Applying Excel Applying Excel enables students to work select chapter problems or examples in Excel. These problems are assignable in Connect and give students instant feedback as they work through the problem in Excel. Accompanying Excel videos teach students how to use Excel and the primary functions needed to complete the assignment. Short assessments can be assigned to test student comprehension of key Excel skills.
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Excel Simulations Simulated Excel Questions, assignable within Connect, allow students to practice their Excel skills—such as basic formulas and formatting—within the context of accounting. These questions feature animated, narrated Help and Show Me tutorials (when enabled), as well as automatic feedback and grading for both students and professors. These questions differ from Applying Excel in that students work in a simulated version of Excel. Downloading the Excel application is not required to complete Simulated Excel Questions.
Guided Examples The Guided Examples (Hints) in Connect provide a narrated, animated, step-by-step walk- through of most Quick Studies, Exercises, and General Ledger Problems similar to those assigned. These short presentations can be turned on or off by instructors and provide reinforcement when students need it most.
Exercise Presentations Animated PowerPoints, created from text assignments, enable instructors to be fully prepared for in-class demonstrations. Instructors also can use these with Tegrity (in Connect) to record online lectures.
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Content Revisions Enhance Learning Instructors and students guided this edition’s revisions. Revisions include
New Cheat Sheets at each chapter-end visually reinforce key chapter concepts. More concise text covering the same content. New 24th edition has 115 fewer pages than 23rd edition. Over 210 new assignments—all available in Connect with algorithmic options. Gross method is used for merchandising transactions, reflecting practice—adjusting entries for new revenue recognition rules are set in an appendix. Many new Need-to-Know (NTK) demos and accompanying videos to reinforce learning. Revised the Investments chapter for the new standard. New assignments that focus on financial statement preparation. Many new and revised General Ledger and Excel assignments. New Accounting Analysis assignments—all available in Connect— using real-world data from Apple, Google, and Samsung. Updated videos for each learning objective in new Concept Overview Video format.
Chapter 1 Updated opener—Apple and entrepreneurial assignment. Updated salary info for accountants. Revised business entity section along with adding LLC. Updated section on FASB objectives and accounting constraints. New layout for introducing the expanded accounting equation. New layout for introducing financial statements. Updated Apple numbers for NTK 1-5. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Updated return on assets analysis using Nike and Under Armour. Added a new Exercise assignment and Quick Study assignment. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 2 NEW opener—Fitbit and entrepreneurial assignment. New visual for process to get from transactions to financial statements. New layout on four types of accounts that determine equity. Improved presentation of “Double-Entry System” section.
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Updated Apple data for NTK 2-4. Updated debt ratio analysis using Costco and Walmart. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added four new Quick Studies. Added three new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 3 NEW opener—Urban One and entrepreneurial assignment. Revised learning objectives and chapter preview—each type of adjusting entry is assigned its own learning objective. Updated “Recognizing Revenues and Expenses” section. New streamlined “Framework for Adjustments” section. Continued emphasis of 3-step adjusting process. Enhanced Exhibit 3.12 on summary of adjustments. Updated profit margin analysis using Visa and Mastercard. Improved layouts for Exhibits 3A.1 through 3A.5. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added three new Quick Studies. Added two new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 4 NEW opener—Snapchat and entrepreneurial assignment. New Decision Insight on women in accounting. Shortened discussion of closing entries. Exhibit 4.5 color-coded all adjustments. Enhanced Exhibit 4.7 on steps of accounting cycle with images. Streamlined section on classified balance sheet. Updated current ratio analysis using Costco and Walmart. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added two new Quick Studies. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 5 NEW opener—Build-A-Bear and entrepreneurial assignment. Updated introduction for servicers vs. merchandisers using Liberty Tax and Nordstrom. Revised NTK 5-1 covers basics of merchandising. Reorganized “Purchases” section to aid learning. New Decision Insight on growing number of returns for businesses.
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Enhanced entries on payment of purchases within discount period vs. after discount period. Improved discussion of entries for sales with discounts vs. sales without discounts. Color-coded Exhibit 5.12 highlights different merchandising transactions. Updated acid-test ratio and gross margin analysis using Nike and Under Armour. Appendix 5B explains adjusting entries for future sales discounts, returns, and allowances. Appendix 5C covers the net method. Appendix 5D moved to online only. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added three new Quick Studies. Added four new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 6 NEW opener—Shake Shack and entrepreneurial assignment. New Ethical Risk on the alleged fraud of Homex. Simplified introduction to inventory costing. Shortened explanation for specific identification. Enhanced layout to explain effects of inventory errors across years. Updated inventory turnover and days’ sales in inventory analysis using Costco and Walmart. Added colored arrow lines to Exhibits 6A.3 and 6A.4 to show cost flows from purchases to sales. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added one new Quick Study. Added two new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 7 Updated opener—Box and entrepreneurial assignment. Revised learning objectives and chapter preview—each type of journal is assigned its own learning objective. New Decision Insight on financial impact of Pokémon Go for Nintendo. Streamlined presentation of system principles and system components. Enhanced “Basics of Special Journals” and “Subsidiary Ledgers” sections to improve learning. New simplified designs for Exhibits 7.5, 7.7, 7.9, and 7.11 to improve student comprehension. Removed discussion of sales tax and postponed it to the current liabilities chapter. New section on Data Analytics and Data Visualization. New days’ payable outstanding analysis using Costco and Walmart. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added five new Quick Studies.
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Added three new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 8 NEW opener—Care.com and entrepreneurial assignment. New COSO framework to guide internal control, including COSO cube. New discussion of internal control failure at Amazon that cost customers $150 million. Simplified bank statement for learning. Revised “Bank Reconciliation” section to separate bank balance adjustments and book balance adjustments. New summary image on adjustments for bank balance and for book balance. Removed collection expenses and NSF fees—most are immaterial and covered in advanced courses. Updated days’ sales uncollected analysis using Starbucks and Jack in the Box. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added three new Quick Studies. Added eight new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 9 NEW opener—Facebook and entrepreneurial assignment. Updated company data in Exhibit 9.1. Streamlined direct write-off method. Enhanced Exhibit 9.6 showing allowances set aside for future bad debts along with journal entries. New calendar graphic added as learning aid with Exhibit 9.12. New Excel demo to compute maturity dates. Updated accounts receivable analysis using Visa and Mastercard. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added five new Quick Studies. Added one new Exercise. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 10 NEW opener—New Glarus Brewery and entrepreneurial assignment. Updated company data in Exhibit 10.1. Added entry with Exhibit 10.3 and Exhibit 10.4. Simplified “Partial-Year Depreciation” section. Added margin table to Exhibit 10.14 as a learning aid. New Decision Insight box on extraordinary repairs to SpaceX’s reusable orbital rocket. New simple introduction to finance leases and operating leases for the new standard.
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Updated asset turnover analysis using Starbucks and Jack in the Box. Simplified Appendix 10A by postponing exchanges without commercial substance to advanced courses. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added two new Quick Studies. Added one new Exercise. Added two new Problems. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 11 NEW opener—Pandora and entrepreneurial assignment. Updated data in Exhibit 11.2. Streamlined “Short-Term Notes Payable” section. Simplified explanation of FICA taxes. Updated payroll tax rates and explanations. Revised NTK 11-4. New W-4 form added to Appendix 11A. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added two new Quick Studies. Added four new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 12 Updated opener—Scholly and entrepreneurial assignment. Streamlined partnership characteristics and types of organizations. Simplified graphic on business entity characteristics. Enhanced partnership formation example to emphasize partner investments are recorded at market value. Revised NTK 12-1. Shortened “Partner Withdrawal” section. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added one new Quick Study. Added four new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 13 NEW opener—Yelp and entrepreneurial assignment. New Decision Insight on bots investing in stocks based on erroneous news. New AT&T stock quote explanation. New graphic visually depicting cash dividend dates.
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New table summarizing differences between small stock dividends, large stock dividends, and stock splits. Updated Apple statement of equity in Exhibit 13.10. Updated PE ratio and dividend yield using Amazon, Altria, Visa, and Mastercard. Simplified book value per share explanation and computations. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added six new Quick Studies. Added four new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 14 NEW opener—e.l.f. Cosmetics and entrepreneurial assignment. Updated IBM bond quote data. Simplified numbers in Exhibit 14.7. Simplified Exhibit 14.10 on premium bonds. Simplified numbers in Exhibit 14.11. Bond pricing moved to Appendix 14A. Simplified Exhibit 14.12 for teaching the note amortization schedule. Updated debt-to-equity analysis using Nike and Under Armour. New Excel computations for bond pricing in Appendix 14A. Simplified numbers in Exhibits 14B.1 and 14B.2. Revised Appendix 14C for new standard on finance leases and operating leases. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added five new Quick Studies. Added four new Exercises. Added four new Problems. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 15 Updated opener—Echoing Green and entrepreneurial assignment. New learning objective P4 for new category of stock investments. Revised and simplified Exhibit 15.2 for new standard on investments. Reorganized text to first explain debt securities and then stock securities. Revised trading and available-for-sale securities to cover only debt securities given the new standard. New section on stock investments with insignificant influence. New Exhibit 15.6 to describe accounting for equity securities by ownership level. Updated component-returns analysis using Costco and Walmart. Investments in international operations set online as Appendix 15A. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added three new Quick Studies.
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Added four new Exercises. Added two new Problems. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 16 NEW opener—Vera Bradley and entrepreneurial assignment. New box on Tesla’s cash outflows and growing market value. Slightly revised infographics on cash flows from operating, investing, and financing. Streamlined sections on analyzing the cash account and noncash accounts. New presentation to aid learning of indirect adjustments to income. Simplified T-accounts to reconstruct cash flows. Simplified reconstruction entries to help compute cash flows. Updated cash flow on total assets analysis using Nike and Under Armour. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added ten new Quick Studies. Added four new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 17 Updated opener—Morgan Stanley and entrepreneurial assignment. Updated data for all analyses of Apple using horizontal, vertical, and ratio analysis. Updated comparative analysis using Google and Samsung. Streamlined section on ratio analysis. Streamlined the “Analysis Reporting” section. Shortened Appendix 17A. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added eight new Quick Studies. Added two new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 18 NEW opener—MoringaConnect and entrepreneurial assignment. Added discussion on role of managerial accounting for nonaccounting and nonbusiness majors. Added equation boxes for total manufacturing costs and cost of goods manufactured. New margin exhibit showing product and period cost flows. Added lists of common selling and administrative expenses. Updated and edited several exhibits for clarity. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global
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Analysis.
Chapter 19 NEW opener—HoopSwagg and entrepreneurial assignment. Revised discussions of manufacturing costs and link between job cost sheets and general ledger. Added graphic linking job cost sheets and general ledger accounts. Enhanced exhibit of 4-step overhead process. Added formula for computing applied overhead. New short discussion of cost-plus pricing. Added margin T-accounts and calculations for clarity. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added one new Quick Study. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 20 NEW opener—Azucar Ice Cream and entrepreneurial assignment. Revised discussion comparing process and job order costing systems. Added cost flow graphic. New margin graphic illustrating EUP. Revised discussion of weighted-average versus FIFO method of process costing. Revised discussion of using the process cost summary. New graphic on FIFO goods flow. Added margin T-accounts and calculations for clarity. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added one new Exercise. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 21 NEW opener—Ellis Island Tropical Tea and entrepreneurial assignment. Added margin graphs of fixed, variable, and mixed costs. New Excel steps to create a line chart. Moved details of creating scatter plot to Appendix 21A, with Excel steps. Revised discussion of scatter plots. Moved details of creating a CVP chart to Appendix 21C, with Excel steps. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added one new Exercise. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 22 NEW opener—Misfit Juicery and entrepreneurial assignment.
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Added T-accounts and steps to exhibit margins. Added numbered steps to several exhibits. Expanded discussion of cost of goods sold budgeting. New exhibit for calculation of cash paid for interest. Expanded discussion with bulleted list on use of a master budget. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added one new Quick Study. Added one new Exercise. New assignment on CMA exam budgeting coverage. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 23 NEW opener—Away and entrepreneurial assignment. Added graph to flexible budget exhibit. Revised discussion of flexible budget. New exhibit and discussion of computing total cost variance. Edited discussion of direct materials cost variance. Edited discussion of evaluating labor variances. Edited discussion of overhead variance reports. New exhibit for summary of variances. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added two new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 24 NEW opener—Jibu and entrepreneurial assignment. Updated Walt Disney ROI example. New Decision Analysis on cash conversion cycle. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added two new Quick Studies. Added two new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 25 NEW opener—Solugen and entrepreneurial assignment. Organized decision scenarios into three types: production, capacity, and pricing. Expanded discussion of product pricing. Added other pricing methods: value-based, auction-based, and dynamic. New Decision Analysis on time and materials pricing of services. New Decision Insight on blockchain technology.
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New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added four new Quick Studies. Added one new Exercise. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Chapter 26 NEW opener—Fellow Robots and entrepreneurial assignment. New discussion of postaudit of investment decisions. Added example of investment in robotics. New Cheat Sheet reinforces chapter content. Added two new Exercises. Added new analysis assignments: Company Analysis, Comparative Analysis, and Global Analysis.
Appendix A New financial statements for Apple, Google, and Samsung.
Appendix B New Decision Maker on postponed retail pricing. Continued Excel demos for PV and FV of lump sums. Continued Excel demos for PV and FV of annuities.
Appendix C New Cheat Sheet reinforces appendix content.
Appendix D NEW appendix on lean principles and accounting. Describes lean business principles. Measures production efficiency. Illustrates how to account for product costs using lean accounting. New: 13 Discussion Questions, 14 Quick Studies, 14 Exercises, and 3 Problems.
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Acknowledgments John J. Wild, Ken W. Shaw, and McGraw-Hill Education recognize the following instructors for their valuable feedback and involvement in the development of Fundamental Accounting Principles. We are thankful for their suggestions, counsel, and encouragement. Darlene Adkins, University of Tennessee–Martin Peter Aghimien, Indiana University South Bend Janice Akao, Butler Community College Nathan Akins, Chattahoochee Technical College John Alpers, Tennessee Wesleyan University Sekhar Anantharaman, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Karen Andrews, Lewis-Clark State College Chandra D. Arthur, Cuyahoga Community College Steven Ault, Montana State University Victoria Badura, Metropolitan Community College Felicia Baldwin, City College of Chicago Reb Beatty, Anne Arundel Community College Robert Beebe, Morrisville State College George Henry Bernard, Seminole State College of Florida Cynthia Bird, Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach Pascal Bizarro, Bowling Green State University Amy Bohrer, Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach John Bosco, North Shore Community College Nicholas Bosco, Suffolk County Community College Jerold K. Braun, Daytona State College Doug Brown, Forsyth Technical Community College Tracy L. Bundy, University of Louisiana at Lafayette Marci Butterfield, University of Utah Ann Capion, Scott Community College Amy Cardillo, Metropolitan State University of Denver Anne Cardozo, Broward College Crystal Carlson-Myer, Indian River State College Julie Chasse, Des Moines Area Community College Patricia Chow, Grossmont College Maria Coclin, Community College of Rhode Island Michael Cohen, Lewis-Clark State College Jerilyn Collins, Herzing University Scott Collins, Penn State University, University Park
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William Conner, Tidewater Community College Erin Cornelsen, University of South Dakota Mariah Dar, John Tyler Community College Nichole Dauenhauer, Lakeland Community College Donna DeMilia, Grand Canyon University Tiffany DeRoy, University of South Alabama Susan Dickey, Motlow State Community College Erin Dischler, Milwaukee Area Technical College–West Allis Holly Dixon, State College of Florida Vicky Dominguez, College of Southern Nevada David Doyon, Southern New Hampshire University Chester Drake, Central Texas College Christopher Eller, Appalachian State University Cynthia Elliott, Southwest Tennessee Community College–Macon Kim Everett, East Carolina University Corinne Frad, Eastern Iowa Community College Krystal Gabel, Southeast Community College Harry Gallatin, Indiana State University Rena Galloway, State Fair Community College Rick Gaumer, University of Wisconsin–Green Bay Tammy Gerszewski, University of North Dakota Pradeep Ghimire, Rappahannock Community College Marc Giullian, Montana State University, Bozeman Nelson Gomez, Miami Dade College–Kendall Robert Goodwin, University of Tampa Steve G. Green, U.S. Air Force Academy Darryl Greene, Muskegon Community College Lisa Hadley, Southwest Tennessee Community College–Macon Penny Hahn, KCTCS Henderson Community College Yoon Han, Bemidji State University Becky Hancock, El Paso Community College Amie Haun, University of Tennessee–Chattanooga Michelle Hays, Kalamazoo Valley Community College Rhonda Henderson, Olive Harvey College Lora Hines, John A. Logan College Rob Hochschild, Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana–South Bend John Hoover, Volunteer State Community College Roberta Humphrey, Southeast Missouri State University Carley Hunzeker, Metro Community College, Elkhorn Kay Jackson, Tarrant County College South
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Elizabeth Jennison, Saddleback College Mary Jepperson, Saint John’s University Vicki Jobst, Benedictine University Odessa Jordan, Calhoun Community College Susan Juckett, Victoria College Amanda Kaari, Central Georgia Technical College Ramadevi Kannan, Owens Community College Jan Klaus, University of North Texas Aaron P. Knape, The University of New Orleans Cedric Knott, Henry Ford Community College Robin Knowles, Texas A&M International University Kimberly Kochanny, Central Piedmont Community College Sergey Komissarov, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse Stephanie Lareau Kroeger, Ocean County College Joseph Krupka, Lander University Tara Laken, Joliet Junior College Suzanne Lay, Colorado Mesa University Brian Lazarus, Baltimore City Community College Kevin Leifer, Long Island University, CW Post Campus Harold Levine, Los Angeles Valley College Yuebing Liu, University of Tampa Philip Lee Little, Coastal Carolina University Delores Loedel, Miracosta College Rebecca Lohmann, Southeast Missouri State University Ming Lu, Santa Monica Community College Annette C. Maddox, Georgia Highlands College Natasha Maddox, KCTCS Maysville Community and Technical College Rich Mandau, Piedmont Technical College Robert Maxwell, College of the Canyons Karen McCarron, Georgia Gwinnett College Michael McDonald, College of Southern Neveda Gwendolyn McFadden-Wade, North Carolina A&T University Allison McLeod, University of North Texas Kate McNeil, Johnson County Community College Jane Medling, Saddleback College Heidi H. Meier, Cleveland State University Tammy Metzke, Milwaukee Area Technical College Jeanine Metzler, Northampton Community College Michelle Meyer, Joliet Junior College Pam Meyer, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
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Deanne Michaelson, Pellissippi State Community College Susan Miller, County College of Morris Carmen Morgan, Oregon Tech Karen Satterfield Mozingo, Pitt Community College Haris Mujahid, South Seattle College Andrea Murowski, Brookdale Community College Jaclynn Myers, Sinclair Community College Micki Nickla, Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana–Gary Dan O’Brien, Madison College–Truax Jamie O’Brien, South Dakota State University Grace Odediran, Union County College Ashley Parker, Grand Canyon University Pamela Parker, NOVA Community College Alexandria Margaret Parrish, John Tyler Community College Reed Peoples, Austin Community College Rachel Pernia, Essex County College Brandis Phillips, North Carolina A&T University Debbie Porter, Tidewater Community College–Virginia Beach M. Jeff Quinlan, Madison Area Technical College James E. Racic, Lakeland Community College Ronald de Ramon, Rockland Community College Robert J. Rankin, Texas A&M University–Commerce Robert Rebman, Benedictine University Jenny Resnick, Santa Monica Community College DeAnn Ricketts, York Technical College Renee Rigoni, Monroe Community College Kevin Rosenberg, Southeastern Community College David Rosser, University of Texas at Arlington Michael J. Rusek, Eastern Gateway Community College Alfredo Salas, El Paso Community College Carolyn Satz, Tidewater Community College–Chesapeake Kathy Saxton, Bryant & Stratton College Wilson Seda, Lehman College–CUNY Perry Sellers, Lonestar College–North Harris James Shimko, Ferris State University Philip Slater, Forsyth Technical Community College Clayton Smith, Columbia College Chicago Patricia Smith, DePaul University Jane Stam, Onondaga Community College Natalie Strouse, Notre Dame College
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efforts.
John J. Wild Ken W. Shaw
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 A B C
Brief Contents Accounting in Business 2
Analyzing and Recording Transactions 44
Adjusting Accounts for Financial Statements 84
Completing the Accounting Cycle 128
Accounting for Merchandising Operations 166
Inventories and Cost of Sales 214
Accounting Information Systems 258
Cash, Fraud, and Internal Control 290
Accounting for Receivables 326
Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangibles 358
Current Liabilities and Payroll Accounting 396
Accounting for Partnerships 436
Accounting for Corporations 464
Long-Term Liabilities 500
Investments 536
Reporting the Statement of Cash Flows 568
Analysis of Financial Statements 612
Managerial Accounting Concepts and Principles 650
Job Order Costing 686
Process Costing 726
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 772
Master Budgets and Planning 814
Flexible Budgets and Standard Costs 864
Performance Measurement and Responsibility Accounting 912
Relevant Costing for Managerial Decisions 956
Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis 990
Financial Statement Information A1
Time Value of Money B
Activity-Based Costing C
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D CA BR
Lean Principles and Accounting D-1
Chart of Accounts CA
Brief Review BR-1
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Contents Preface iv
1 Accounting in Business 2 Importance of Accounting 3
Users of Accounting Information 4 Opportunities in Accounting 4
Fundamentals of Accounting 6 Ethics—A Key Concept 6 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 7 Conceptual Framework 7
Business Transactions and Accounting 9 Accounting Equation 10 Transaction Analysis 11 Summary of Transactions 14
Communicating with Users 15 Income Statement 15 Statement of Owner’s Equity 17 Balance Sheet 17 Statement of Cash Flows 17
Decision Analysis—Return on Assets 18 Appendix 1A Return and Risk 21 Appendix 1B Business Activities 22
2 Analyzing and Recording Transactions 44 Basis of Financial Statements 45
Source Documents 45 The “Account” Underlying Financial Statements 45 Ledger and Chart of Accounts 48
Double-Entry Accounting 49 Debits and Credits 49 Double-Entry System 49
Analyzing and Processing Transactions 51 Journalizing and Posting Transactions 51 Processing Transactions—An Example 52 Summarizing Transactions in a Ledger 57
Trial Balance 58
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Preparing a Trial Balance 58 Financial Statements Prepared from Trial Balance 59
Decision Analysis—Debt Ratio 62
3 Adjusting Accounts for Financial Statements 84 Timing and Reporting 85
The Accounting Period 85 Accrual Basis versus Cash Basis 86 Recognizing Revenues and Expenses 86 Framework for Adjustments 87
Deferral of Expense 87 Prepaid Insurance 87 Supplies 88 Other Prepaid Expenses 89 Depreciation 89
Deferral of Revenue 91 Unearned Consulting Revenue 92
Accrued Expense 93 Accrued Salaries Expense 93 Accrued Interest Expense 94 Future Cash Payment of Accrued Expenses 94
Accrued Revenue 95 Accrued Services Revenue 96 Accrued Interest Revenue 96 Future Cash Receipt of Accrued Revenues 96 Links to Financial Statements 97
Trial Balance and Financial Statements 98 Adjusted Trial Balance 98 Preparing Financial Statements 99
Decision Analysis—Profit Margin 101 Appendix 3A Alternative Accounting for Prepayments 104
4 Completing the Accounting Cycle 128 Work Sheet as a Tool 129
Benefits of a Work Sheet (Spreadsheet) 129 Use of a Work Sheet 129 Work Sheet Applications and Analysis 130
Closing Process 133 Temporary and Permanent Accounts 134 Recording Closing Entries 134
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Post-Closing Trial Balance 137 Accounting Cycle 137 Classified Balance Sheet 138
Classification Structure 138 Classification Categories 139
Decision Analysis—Current Ratio 141 Appendix 4A Reversing Entries 143
5 Accounting for Merchandising Operations 166 Merchandising Activities 167
Reporting Income for a Merchandiser 167 Reporting Inventory for a Merchandiser 168 Operating Cycle for a Merchandiser 168 Inventory Systems 168
Accounting for Merchandise Purchases 169 Purchases without Cash Discounts 169 Purchases with Cash Discounts 169 Purchases with Returns and Allowances 171 Purchases and Transportation Costs 172
Accounting for Merchandise Sales 174 Sales without Cash Discounts 174 Sales with Cash Discounts 175 Sales with Returns and Allowances 175
Adjusting and Closing for Merchandisers 177 Adjusting Entries for Merchandisers 177 Preparing Financial Statements 178 Closing Entries for Merchandisers 178 Summary of Merchandising Entries 179
More on Financial Statement Formats 177 Multiple-Step Income Statement 180 Single-Step Income Statement 181 Classified Balance Sheet 182
Decision Analysis—Acid-Test and Gross Margin Ratios 183 Appendix 5A Periodic Inventory System 187 Appendix 5B Adjusting Entries under New Revenue Recognition Rules 191 Appendix 5C Net Method for Inventory 192
6 Inventories and Cost of Sales 214 Inventory Basics 215
Determining Inventory Items 215
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Determining Inventory Costs 216 Internal Controls and Taking a Physical Count 216
Inventory Costing under a Perpetual System 217 Inventory Cost Flow Assumptions 217 Inventory Costing Illustration 218 Specific Identification 218 First-In, First-Out 219 Last-In, First-Out 219 Weighted Average 220 Financial Statement Effects of Costing Methods 221 Tax Effects of Costing Methods 222
Valuing Inventory at LCM and the Effects of Inventory Errors 224 Lower of Cost or Market 224 Financial Statement Effects of Inventory Errors 225
Decision Analysis—Inventory Turnover and Days’ Sales in Inventory 227 Appendix 6A Inventory Costing under a Periodic System 233 Appendix 6B Inventory Estimation Methods 238
7 Accounting Information Systems 258 System Principles 259 System Components 260 Special Journals and Subsidiary Ledgers 261
Basics of Special Journals 261 Subsidiary Ledgers 261
Sales Journal 263 Cash Receipts Journal 265 Purchases Journal 267 Cash Payments (Disbursements) Journal 268
General Journal Transactions 269 Technology-Based Accounting Systems 270
Technology in Accounting 270 Data Processing in Accounting 270 Computer Networks in Accounting 270 Enterprise Resource Planning Software 271 Data Analytics and Data Visualization 271 Cloud Computing 271
Decision Analysis—Days’ Payable Outstanding 271
8 Cash, Fraud, and Internal Control 290 Fraud and Internal Control 291
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Purpose of Internal Control 291 Principles of Internal Control 292 Technology, Fraud, and Internal Control 293 Limitations of Internal Control 293
Control of Cash 294 Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Liquidity 294 Cash Management 295 Control of Cash Receipts 295 Control of Cash Payments 297
Banking Activities as Controls 301 Basic Bank Services 301 Bank Statement 302 Bank Reconciliation 303
Decision Analysis—Days’ Sales Uncollected 306 Appendix 8A Documentation and Verification 308
9 Accounting for Receivables 326 Valuing Accounts Receivable 327 Direct Write-Off Method 330 Allowance Method 331 Estimating Bad Debts 334
Percent of Sales Method 334 Percent of Receivables Method 334 Aging of Receivables Method 335
Notes Receivable 337 Computing Maturity and Interest 338 Recording Notes Receivable 339 Valuing and Settling Notes 339 Disposal of Receivables 341
Decision Analysis—Accounts Receivable Turnover 341
10 Plant Assets, Natural Resources, and Intangibles 358 SECTION 1—PLANT ASSETS 359 Cost Determination 360
Machinery and Equipment 360 Buildings 360 Land Improvements 360 Land 360 Lump-Sum Purchase 361
Depreciation 361
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Factors in Computing Depreciation 361 Depreciation Methods 362 Partial-Year Depreciation 365 Change in Estimates 366 Reporting Depreciation 366
Additional Expenditures 367 Ordinary Repairs 368 Betterments and Extraordinary Repairs 368
Disposals of Plant Assets 368 Discarding Plant Assets 369 Selling Plant Assets 369
SECTION 2—NATURAL RESOURCES 371 Cost Determination and Depletion 371 Plant Assets Tied into Extracting 372
SECTION 3—INTANGIBLE ASSETS 373 Cost Determination and Amortization 373 Types of Intangibles 373
Decision Analysis—Total Asset Turnover 376 Appendix 10A Exchanging Plant Assets 379
11 Current Liabilities and Payroll Accounting 396 Known Liabilities 397
Characteristics of Liabilities 397 Examples of Known Liabilities 398 Accounts Payable 399 Sales Taxes Payable 399 Unearned Revenues 399 Short-Term Notes Payable 399
Payroll Liabilities 402 Employee Payroll and Deductions 402 Employer Payroll Taxes 403 Internal Control of Payroll 404 Multi-Period Known Liabilities 404
Estimated Liabilities 405 Health and Pension Benefits 405 Vacation Benefits 406 Bonus Plans 406 Warranty Liabilities 406 Multi-Period Estimated Liabilities 407
Contingent Liabilities 408
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Accounting for Contingent Liabilities 408 Applying Rules of Contingent Liabilities 409 Uncertainties That Are Not Contingencies 409
Decision Analysis—Times Interest Earned Ratio 409 Appendix 11A Payroll Reports, Records, and Procedures 412 Appendix 11B Corporate Income Taxes 417
12 Accounting for Partnerships 436 Partnership Formation 437
Characteristics of Partnerships 437 Organizations with Partnership Characteristics 438 Choosing a Business Form 438 Accounting for Partnership Formation 438
Dividing Partnership Income or Loss 439 Partnership Financial Statements 441
Partner Admission 442 Purchase of Partnership Interest 442 Investing Assets in a Partnership 443
Partner Withdrawal 444 No Bonus 444 Bonus to Remaining Partners 445 Bonus to Withdrawing Partner 445 Death of a Partner 445
Liquidation of a Partnership 446 No Capital Deficiency 446 Capital Deficiency 448
Decision Analysis—Partner Return on Equity 449
13 Accounting for Corporations 464 Corporate Form of Organization 465
Corporate Advantages 465 Corporate Disadvantages 465 Corporate Organization and Management 466 Corporate Stockholders 466 Corporate Stock 467
Common Stock 468 Issuing Par Value Stock 468 Issuing No-Par Value Stock 469 Issuing Stated Value Stock 469 Issuing Stock for Noncash Assets 469
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Dividends 471 Cash Dividends 470 Stock Dividends 471 Stock Splits 473 Financial Statement Effects of Dividends and Splits 473
Preferred Stock 474 Issuance of Preferred Stock 474 Dividend Preference of Preferred Stock 475 Reasons for Issuing Preferred Stock 475
Treasury Stock 477 Purchasing Treasury Stock 477 Reissuing Treasury Stock 477
Reporting of Equity 479 Statement of Retained Earnings 479 Statement of Stockholders’ Equity 480
Decision Analysis—Earnings per Share, Price-Earnings Ratio, Dividend Yield, and Book Value per Share 480
14 Long-Term Liabilities 500 Basics of Bonds 501
Bond Financing 501 Bond Issuing 502 Bond Trading 502
Par Bonds 502 Discount Bonds 503
Bond Discount or Premium 503 Issuing Bonds at a Discount 504
Premium Bonds 506 Issuing Bonds at a Premium 506 Bond Retirement 508
Long-Term Notes Payable 510 Installment Notes 510 Mortgage Notes and Bonds 511
Decision Analysis—Debt Features and the Debt-to-Equity Ratio 512 Appendix 14A Bond Pricing 515 Appendix 14B Effective Interest Amortization 517 Appendix 14C Leases and Pensions 518
15 Investments 536 Basics of Investments 537
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Purposes and Types of Investments 537 Classification and Reporting 538
Debt Investments 538 Debt Investments—Basics 538
Debt Investments—Trading 539 Debt Investments—Held-to-Maturity 540 Debt Investments—Available-for-Sale 541 Equity Investments 543 Equity Investments—Insignificant Influence, Under 20% 543 Equity Investments—Significant Influence, 20% to 50% 545 Equity Investments—Controlling Influence, More Than 50% 547 Accounting Summary for Debt and Equity Investments 548 Decision Analysis—Components of Return on Total Assets 549
16 Reporting the Statement of Cash Flows 568 Basics of Cash Flow Reporting 569
Purpose of the Statement of Cash Flows 569 Importance of Cash Flows 569 Measurement of Cash Flows 569 Classification of Cash Flows 570 Noncash Investing and Financing 571 Format of the Statement of Cash Flows 571 Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows 572
Cash Flows from Operating 573 Indirect and Direct Methods of Reporting 573 Applying the Indirect Method 573 Summary of Adjustments for Indirect Method 576
Cash Flows from Investing 577 Three-Step Analysis 577 Analyzing Noncurrent Assets 577
Cash Flows from Financing 579 Three-Step Analysis 579 Analyzing Noncurrent Liabilities 579 Analyzing Equity 580 Proving Cash Balances 580
Summary Using T-Accounts 582 Decision Analysis—Cash Flow Analysis 583 Appendix 16A Spreadsheet Preparation of the Statement of Cash Flows 586 Appendix 16B Direct Method of Reporting Operating Cash Flows 588
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17 Analysis of Financial Statements 612 Basics of Analysis 613
Purpose of Analysis 613 Building Blocks of Analysis 613 Information for Analysis 614 Standards for Comparisons 614 Tools of Analysis 614
Horizontal Analysis 614 Comparative Statements 614 Trend Analysis 617
Vertical Analysis 618 Common-Size Statements 618 Common-Size Graphics 620
Ratio Analysis 622 Liquidity and Efficiency 622 Solvency 624 Profitability 625 Market Prospects 626 Summary of Ratios 627
Decision Analysis—Analysis Reporting 628 Appendix 17A Sustainable Income 631
18 Managerial Accounting Concepts and Principles 650 Managerial Accounting Basics 651
Purpose of Managerial Accounting 651 Nature of Managerial Accounting 652 Fraud and Ethics in Managerial Accounting 653 Career Paths 654
Managerial Cost Concepts 655 Types of Cost Classifications 655 Identification of Cost Classifications 657 Cost Concepts for Service Companies 657
Managerial Reporting 658 Manufacturing Costs 658 Nonmanufacturing Costs 658 Prime and Conversion Costs 659 Costs and the Balance Sheet 659 Costs and the Income Statement 659
Cost Flows and Cost of Goods Manufactured 662
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Flow of Manufacturing Activities 662 Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured 663 Trends in Managerial Accounting 666
Decision Analysis—Raw Materials Inventory Turnover and Days’ Sales in Raw Materials Inventory 668
19 Job Order Costing 686 Job Order Costing 687
Cost Accounting System 687 Job Order Production 687 Job Order vs. Process Operations 688 Production Activities in Job Order Costing 688 Cost Flows 689 Job Cost Sheet 689
Materials and Labor Cost 690 Materials Cost Flows and Documents 690 Labor Cost Flows and Documents 693
Overhead Cost 694 Set Predetermined Overhead Rate 695 Apply Estimated Overhead 695 Record Actual Overhead 697 Summary of Cost Flows 698 Using Job Cost Sheets for Managerial Decisions 699 Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured 700
Adjusting Overhead 701 Factory Overhead Account 701 Adjust Underapplied or Overapplied Overhead 701 Job Order Costing of Services 702
Decision Analysis—Pricing for Services 703
20 Process Costing 726 Process Operations 727
Organization of Process Operations 727 Comparing Process and Job Order Costing Systems 728 Equivalent Units of Production 729
Process Costing Illustration 730 Overview of GenX Company’s Process Operation 730 Pre-Step: Collect Production and Cost Data 731 Step 1: Determine Physical Flow of Units 732 Step 2: Compute Equivalent Units of Production 732 Step 3: Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit 733
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Step 4: Assign and Reconcile Costs 733 Process Cost Summary 735
Accounting for Process Costing 736 Accounting for Materials Costs 737 Accounting for Labor Costs 738 Accounting for Factory Overhead 739 Accounting for Transfers 740 Trends in Process Operations 742
Decision Analysis—Hybrid Costing System 743 Appendix 20A FIFO Method of Process Costing 747
21 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 772 Identifying Cost Behavior 773
Fixed Costs 774 Variable Costs 774 Graphing Fixed and Variable Costs against Volume 774 Mixed Costs 774 Step-wise Costs 775 Curvilinear Costs 776
Measuring Cost Behavior 777 Scatter Diagram 777 High-Low Method 778 Regression 778 Comparing Cost Estimation Methods 778
Contribution Margin and Break-Even Analysis 779 Contribution Margin and Its Measures 779 Break-Even Point 780 Cost-Volume-Profit Chart 782 Changes in Estimates 782
Applying Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 783 Margin of Safety 783 Computing Income from Sales and Costs 784 Computing Sales for a Target Income 785 Evaluating Strategies 786 Sales Mix and Break-Even 787 Assumptions in Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis 789
Decision Analysis—Degree of Operating Leverage 790 Appendix 21A Using Excel for Cost Estimation 792 Appendix 21B Variable Costing and Performance Reporting 793
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Appendix 21C Preparing a CVP Chart 796
22 Master Budgets and Planning 814 Budget Process and Administration 815
Budgeting Process 815 Benefits of Budgeting 816 Budgeting and Human Behavior 816 Budget Reporting and Timing 817 Master Budget Components 817
Operating Budgets 818 Sales Budget 818 Production Budget 818 Direct Materials Budget 820 Direct Labor Budget 821 Factory Overhead Budget 822 Selling Expense Budget 823 General and Administrative Expense Budget 824
Investing and Financing Budgets 825 Capital Expenditures Budget 825 Cash Budget 825
Budgeted Financial Statements 829 Budgeted Income Statement 829 Budgeted Balance Sheet 830 Using the Master Budget 830 Budgeting for Service Companies 830
Decision Analysis—Activity-Based Budgeting 831 Appendix 22A Merchandise Purchases Budget 839
23 Flexible Budgets and Standard Costs 864 Fixed and Flexible Budgets 865
Fixed Budget Reports 866 Budget Reports for Evaluation 867 Flexible Budget Reports 867
Standard Costing 871 Standard Costs 871 Setting Standard Costs 871 Cost Variance Analysis 872
Materials and Labor Variances 874 Materials Variances 874 Labor Variances 876
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Overhead Standards and Variances 877 Flexible Overhead Budgets 877 Standard Overhead Rate 877 Computing Overhead Cost Variances 879 Standard Costing—Management Considerations 882
Decision Analysis—Sales Variances 883 Appendix 23A Expanded Overhead Variances and Standard Cost Accounting System 888
24 Performance Measurement and Responsibility Accounting 912 Responsibility Accounting 913
Performance Evaluation 913 Controllable versus Uncontrollable Costs 914 Responsibility Accounting for Cost Centers 914
Profit Centers 916 Direct and Indirect Expenses 916 Expense Allocations 917 Departmental Income Statements 918 Departmental Contribution to Overhead 921
Investment Centers 922 Return-on-Investment and Residual Income 922 Investment Center Profit Margin and Investment Turnover 924
Nonfinancial Performance Evaluation Measures 925 Balanced Scorecard 925 Transfer Pricing 927
Decision Analysis—Cash Conversion Cycle 928 Appendix 24A Cost Allocations 931 Appendix 24B Transfer Pricing 933 Appendix 24C Joint Costs and Their Allocation 934
25 Relevant Costing for Managerial Decisions 956 Decisions and Information 957
Decision Making 957 Relevant Costs and Benefits 958
Production Decisions 958 Make or Buy 959 Sell or Process Further 960 Sales Mix Selection When Resources Are Constrained 961
Capacity Decisions 963 Segment Elimination 963
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Appendix A
Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Index Chart of Accounts Brief Review
Keep or Replace Equipment 964 Pricing Decisions 965
Normal Pricing 965 Special Offers 967
Decision Analysis—Time and Materials Pricing 969
26 Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis 990 Capital Budgeting 991
Capital Budgeting Process 991 Capital Investment Cash Flows 992
Methods Not Using Time Value of Money 992 Payback Period 992 Accounting Rate of Return 995
Methods Using Time Value of Money 996 Net Present Value 996 Internal Rate of Return 1000 Comparison of Capital Budgeting Methods 1002 Postaudit 1002
Decision Analysis—Break-Even Time 1004 Appendix 26A Using Excel to Compute Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return 1006
Financial Statement Information A-1 Apple A-2 Google A-10 Samsung A-14 Time Value of Money B Activity-Based Costing C Lean Principles and Accounting D-1 IND-1
CA Managerial Analyses and Reports BR-1 Financial Reports and Tables BR-2 Selected Transactions and Relations BR-3 Fundamentals and Analyses BR-4
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Education and ©Dizzle52/Getty Images
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C1 C2
C3 C4
Page 2
1 Accounting in Business
Chapter Preview is organized by “blocks” of key content and learning objectives followed by Need-To-Know (NTK) guided video examples
Chapter Preview
ACCOUNTING USES
Purpose of accounting Accounting information users Opportunities in accounting
NTK 1-1
ETHICS AND ACCOUNTING
Ethics Generally accepted accounting principles Conceptual framework
NTK 1-2
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A1
P1
P2
A2
C1 C2 C3 C4
C5
A1 A2 A3
P1
TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
Accounting equation and its components Expanded accounting equation Transaction analysis—Illustrated
NTK 1-3 , 1-4
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Income statement Statement of owner’s equity Balance sheet Statement of cash flows Financial analysis
NTK 1-5
Learning Objectives are classified as conceptual, analytical, or procedural
Learning Objectives
CONCEPTUAL
Explain the purpose and importance of accounting. Identify users and uses of, and opportunities in, accounting. Explain why ethics are crucial to accounting. Explain generally accepted accounting principles and define and apply several accounting principles. Appendix 1B—Identify and describe the three major activities of organizations.
ANALYTICAL
Define and interpret the accounting equation and each of its components. Compute and interpret return on assets. Appendix 1A—Explain the relation between return and risk.
PROCEDURAL
Analyze business transactions using the accounting equation.
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P2
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Identify and prepare basic financial statements and explain how they interrelate.
Big Apple
“We ran the business . . . with just a few hundred bucks” —STEVE WOZNIAK CUPERTINO, CA—“When I designed the Apple stuff,” says Steve Wozniak, “I never thought in my life I would have enough money to fly to Hawaii or make a down payment on a house.” But some dreams do come true. Woz, along with Steve Jobs and Ron Wayne, founded Apple (Apple.com) when Woz was 25 and Jobs was 21.
©Miguel Medina/AFP/Getty Images
The young entrepreneurs faced challenges, including how to read and interpret accounting data. They also needed to finance the company, which they did by selling Woz’s HP calculator and Jobs’s Volkswagen van. The $1,300 raised helped them purchase the equipment Woz used to build the first Apple computer.
In setting up their company, the owners chose between a partnership and a corporation. They decided on a partnership that included Ron as a third partner with 10% ownership. Days later, Ron withdrew when he considered the unlimited liability of a partnership. He sold his 10% share to Woz and Jobs for $800. Within nine months, Woz and Jobs converted Apple to a corporation.
As Apple grew, Woz and Jobs had to learn more accounting, along with details of preparing and interpreting financial statements. Important questions involving transaction analysis and financial reporting arose, and the owners took care to do things right. “Everything we did,” asserts Woz, “we were setting the tone for the world.”
Woz and Jobs focused their accounting system to provide information for Apple’s business decisions. Today, Woz believes that Apple is key to the language of technology, just as accounting is the language of business. In retrospect, Woz says, “Every dream I have ever had in life has come true ten times over.”
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Sources: Apple website, January 2019; Woz.org, January 2019; Apple 2016 Sustainability Report, April 2016; Greenbiz, October 2014; iWoz: From Computer Geek to Cult Icon, W.W. Norton & Co., 2006; Founders at Work, Apress, 2007
Decision Feature launches each chapter showing the relevance of accounting for a real entrepreneur; Entrepreneurial Decision assignment returns to this feature with a mini- case
IMPORTANCE OF ACCOUNTING
C1_______ Explain the purpose and importance of accounting.
Why is accounting so popular on campus? Why are there so many openings for accounting jobs? Why is accounting so important to companies? The answer is that we live in an information age in which accounting information impacts us all.
Accounting is an information and measurement system that identifies, records, and communicates an organization’s business activities. Exhibit 1.1 shows these accounting functions.
EXHIBIT 1.1 Accounting Functions
Our most common contact with accounting is through credit checks, checking accounts, tax forms, and payroll. These experiences focus on recordkeeping, or bookkeeping, which is the recording of transactions and events. This is just one part of accounting. Accounting also includes analysis and interpretation of information. Point: Technology is only as useful as the accounting data available, and users’ decisions are only as good as their understanding of accounting.
Technology plays a major role in accounting. Technology reduces the time, effort, and cost of recordkeeping while improving accuracy. As technology makes more information available, the demand for accounting knowledge increases. Consulting, planning, and other financial services are closely linked to accounting.
Users of Accounting Information
C2_______
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Identify users and uses of, and opportunities in, accounting.
Accounting is called the language of business because it communicates data that help people make better decisions. People using accounting information are divided into two groups: external users and internal users. Financial accounting focuses on the needs of external users, and managerial accounting focuses on the needs of internal users.
External Users External users of accounting information do not directly run the organization and have limited access to its accounting information. These users get accounting information from general-purpose financial statements. Following is a partial list of external users and decisions they make with accounting information.
Lenders (creditors) loan money or other resources to an organization. Banks, savings and loans, and mortgage companies are lenders. Lenders use information to assess if an organization will repay its loans. Shareholders (investors) are the owners of a corporation. They use accounting reports to decide whether to buy, hold, or sell stock. Boards of directors oversee organizations. Directors use accounting information to evaluate the performance of executive management. External (independent) auditors examine financial statements to verify that they are prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles. Nonmanagerial and nonexecutive employees and labor unions use external information to bargain for better wages. Regulators have legal authority over certain activities of organizations. For example, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requires accounting reports for computing taxes. Voters and government officials use information to evaluate government performance. Contributors to nonprofits use information to evaluate the use and impact of donations. Suppliers use information to analyze a customer before extending credit. Customers use financial reports to assess the stability of potential suppliers.
Internal Users Internal users of accounting information directly manage the organization. Internal reports are designed for the unique needs of managerial or executive employees, such as the chief executive officer (CEO). Following is a partial list of internal users and decisions they make with accounting information.
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Purchasing managers need to know what, when, and how much to purchase. Human resource managers need information about employees’ payroll, benefits, and performance. Production managers use information to monitor costs and ensure quality. Distribution managers need reports for timely and accurate delivery of products and services. Marketing managers use reports to target consumers, set prices, and monitor consumer needs. Service managers use reports to provide better service to customers. Research and development managers use information on projected costs and revenues of innovations.
Opportunities in Accounting Accounting has four areas of opportunities: financial, managerial, taxation, and accounting- related. Exhibit 1.2 lists selected opportunities in each area.
EXHIBIT 1.2 Accounting Opportunities
Point: The largest accounting firms are EY, KPMG, PwC, and Deloitte. Point: Higher education yields higher pay:
EXHIBIT 1.3 Accounting Jobs by Area
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Exhibit 1.3 shows that the majority of opportunities are in private accounting, which are employees working for businesses. Public accounting involves accounting services such as auditing and taxation. Opportunities also exist in government and not-for-profit agencies, including business regulation and law enforcement.
Accounting specialists are highly regarded, and their professional standing is often denoted by a certificate. Certified public accountants (CPAs) must meet education and experience requirements, pass an exam, and be ethical. Many accounting specialists hold certificates in addition to or instead of the CPA. Two of the most common are the certificate in management accounting (CMA) and the certified internal auditor (CIA). Employers also look for specialists with designations such as certified bookkeeper (CB), certified payroll professional (CPP), certified fraud examiner (CFE), and certified forensic accountant (CrFA).
Accounting specialists are in demand. Exhibit 1.4 reports average annual salaries for several accounting positions. Salaries vary based on location, company size, and other factors.
EXHIBIT 1.4 Accounting Salaries
NEED-TO-KNOWs highlight key procedures and concepts in learning accounting
NEED-TO-KNOW 1-1
Accounting Users C1 C2
Identify the following users of accounting information as either an (a) external or (b) internal user.
1. _____ Regulator
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2. _____ CEO 3. _____ Shareholder 4. _____ Marketing manager 5. _____ Executive employee 6. _____ External auditor 7. _____ Production manager 8. _____ Nonexecutive employee 9. _____ Bank lender
Solution
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. a 9. a.
Do More: QS 1-1, QS 1-2, E 1-1, E 1-2, E 1-3
FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCOUNTING
Ethics—A Key Concept
C3_______ Explain why ethics are crucial to accounting.
For information to be useful, it must be trusted. This demands ethics in accounting. Ethics are beliefs that separate right from wrong. They are accepted standards of good and bad behavior. Point: A Code of Conduct is available at AICPA.org.
Accountants face ethical choices as they prepare financial reports. These choices can affect the salaries and bonuses paid to workers. They even can affect the success of products and services. Misleading information can lead to a bad decision that harms workers and the business. There is an old saying: Good ethics are good business. Exhibit 1.5 gives a three- step process for making ethical decisions.
EXHIBIT 1.5 Ethical Decision Making
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Fraud Triangle: Ethics under Attack The fraud triangle shows that three factors push a person to commit fraud.
Opportunity. A person must be able to commit fraud with a low risk of getting caught. Pressure, or incentive. A person must feel pressure or have incentive to commit fraud. Rationalization, or attitude. A person justifies fraud or does not see its criminal nature.
The key to stopping fraud is to focus on prevention. It is less expensive and more effective to prevent fraud from happening than it is to detect it.
To prevent fraud, companies set up internal controls. Internal controls are procedures to protect assets, ensure reliable accounting, promote efficiency, and uphold company policies. Examples are good records, physical controls (locks), and independent reviews.
Enforcing Ethics In response to major accounting scandals, like those at Enron and WorldCom, Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, also called SOX, to help stop financial abuses. SOX requires documentation and verification of internal controls and emphasizes effective internal controls. Management must issue a report stating that internal controls are effective. Auditors verify the effectiveness of internal controls. Ignoring SOX can lead to penalties and criminal prosecution of executives. CEOs and CFOs who knowingly sign off on bogus accounting reports risk millions of dollars in fines and years in prison. Point: An audit examines whether financial statements are prepared using GAAP. Point: SOX requires a business that sells stock to disclose a code of ethics for its executives.
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or Dodd-Frank, has two important provisions.
Clawback Mandates recovery (clawback) of excessive pay. Whistleblower SEC pays whistleblowers 10% to 30% of sanctions exceeding $1 million.
Ethical Risk boxes highlight ethical issues from practice
Ethical Risk
Ethics Pay The $100 million mark in total payments made by the SEC to whistleblowers was recently surpassed. Since the SEC began awarding whistleblowers a percentage of money from sanctions, over 14,000 tips have been reported. Many of the tips come from accountants. ■
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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
C4_______ Explain generally accepted accounting principles and define and apply several accounting principles.
Financial accounting is governed by concepts and rules known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). GAAP wants information to have relevance and faithful representation. Relevant information affects decisions of users. Faithful representation means information accurately reflects the business results. Point: CPAs who audit financial statements must disclose if they do not comply with GAAP.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is given the task of setting GAAP from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SEC is a U.S. government agency that oversees proper use of GAAP by companies that sell stock and debt to the public.
International Standards Our global economy demands comparability in accounting reports. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issues International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that identify preferred accounting practices. These standards are similar to, but sometimes different from, U.S. GAAP. The FASB and IASB are working to reduce differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS.
Conceptual Framework The FASB conceptual framework in Exhibit 1.6 consists of the following.
Objectives—to provide information useful to investors, creditors, and others. Qualitative characteristics—to require information that has relevance and faithful representation. Elements—to define items in financial statements. Recognition and measurement—to set criteria for an item to be recognized as an element; and how to measure it.
EXHIBIT 1.6 Conceptual Framework
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Principles, Assumptions, and Constraint There are two types of accounting principles (and assumptions). General principles are the assumptions, concepts, and guidelines for preparing financial statements; these are shown in purple font in Exhibit 1.7, along with key assumptions in red font. Specific principles are detailed rules used in reporting business transactions and events; they are described as we encounter them.
EXHIBIT 1.7 Building Blocks for GAAP
Accounting Principles There are four general principles.
Measurement principle (cost principle) Accounting information is based on actual cost. Cost is measured on a cash or equal-to-cash basis. This means if cash is given for a service, its cost is measured by the cash paid. If something besides cash is exchanged (such as a car traded for a truck), cost is measured as the cash value of what is given up or received. Information based on cost is considered objective. Objectivity means that information is supported by independent, unbiased evidence. Later chapters cover adjustments to market and introduce fair value. Point: A company pays $500 for equipment. The cost principle requires it be recorded at $500. It makes no difference if the owner thinks this equipment is worth $700.
Revenue recognition principle Revenue is recognized (1) when goods or services are provided to customers and (2) at the amount expected to be received from the customer. Revenue (sales) is the amount received from selling products and services.
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Page 8 The amount received is usually in cash, but it also can be a customer’s promise to pay at a future date, called credit sales. (To recognize means to record it.) Example: A lawn service bills a customer $800 on June 1 for two months of mowing (June and July). The customer pays the bill on July 1. When is revenue recorded? Answer: It is recorded over time as it is earned; record $400 revenue for June and $400 for July.
Expense recognition principle (matching principle) A company records the expenses it incurred to generate the revenue reported. An example is rent costs of office space. Example: Credit cards are used to pay $200 in gas for a lawn service during June and July. The cards are paid in August. When is expense recorded? Answer: If revenue is earned over time, record $100 expense in June and $100 in July.
Full disclosure principle A company reports the details behind financial statements that would impact users’ decisions. Those disclosures are often in footnotes to the statements.
Decision Insight
Measurement and Recognition Revenues for the Seattle Seahawks, Atlanta Falcons, Green Bay Packers, and other professional football teams include ticket sales, television broadcasts, concessions, and advertising. Revenues from ticket sales are earned when the NFL team plays each game. Advance ticket sales are not revenues; instead, they are a liability until the NFL team plays the game for which the ticket was sold. At that point, the liability is removed and revenues are reported. ■
©Shane Roper/CSM/REX/Shutterstock
Accounting Assumptions There are four accounting assumptions.
Going-concern assumption Accounting information presumes that the business will continue operating instead of being closed or sold. This means, for example, that property is reported at cost instead of liquidation value. Monetary unit assumption Transactions and events are expressed in monetary, or money, units. Examples of monetary units are the U.S. dollar and the Mexican peso. Time period assumption The life of a company can be divided into time periods, such as months and years, and useful reports can be prepared for those periods. Business entity assumption A business is accounted for separately from other business entities and its owner. Exhibit 1.8 describes four common business entities.
EXHIBIT 1.8 Attributes of Businesses
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*When a corporation issues only one class of stock, it is called common stock (or capital stock).
Accounting Constraint The cost-benefit constraint, or cost constraint, says that information disclosed by an entity must have benefits to the user that are greater than the costs of providing it. Materiality, or the ability of information to influence decisions, is also sometimes mentioned as a constraint. Conservatism and industry practices are sometimes listed as well. Point: Proprietorships, partnerships, and LLCs are managed by their owners. In a corporation, the owners (shareholders) elect a board of directors who hire managers to run the business.
Decision Ethics boxes are role-playing exercises that stress ethics in accounting
Decision Ethics
Entrepreneur You and a friend develop a new design for ice skates that improves speed. You plan to form a business to manufacture and sell the skates. You and your friend want to minimize taxes, but your big concern is potential lawsuits from customers who might be injured on these skates. What form of organization do you set up? ■ Answer: You should probably form an LLC. An LLC helps protect personal property from lawsuits directed at the business. Also, an LLC is not subject to an additional business income tax. You also must examine the ethical and social aspects of starting a business where injuries are expected.
Point: Double taxation means that (1) the corporation income is taxed and (2) any dividends to owners are taxed as part of the owners’ personal income.
NEED-TO-KNOW 1-2
Accounting Guidance C3 C4
Part 1: Identify each of the following terms/phrases as either an accounting (a) principle, (b) assumption, or (c) constraint.
1. ______ Cost-benefit 2. ______ Measurement
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3. ______ Business entity 4. ______ Going-concern 5. ______ Full disclosure 6. ______ Time period 7. ______ Expense recognition 8. ______ Revenue recognition
Solution
1. c 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. a Part 2: Complete the following table with either a yes or a no regarding the attributes of a partnership, corporation, and LLC.
Solution
a. no b. no c. no d. no e. yes f. yes g. yes h. yes i. no j. yes k. yes l. yes
Do More: QS 1-3, QS 1-4, QS 1-5, QS 1-6, E 1-4, E 1-5, E 1-6, E 1-7
BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS AND ACCOUNTING
A1_______ Define and interpret the accounting equation and each of its components.
Accounting shows two basic aspects of a company: what it owns and what it owes. Assets are resources a company owns or controls. The claims on a company’s assets—what it owes— are separated into owner (equity) and nonowner (liability) claims. Together, liabilities and equity are the source of funds to acquire assets.
Assets Assets are resources a company owns or controls. These resources are expected to yield future benefits. Examples are web servers for an online services company, musical instruments for a rock band, and land for a vegetable grower. Assets include cash, supplies, equipment, land, and accounts receivable. A receivable is an asset that promises a future inflow of resources. A company that provides a service or product on credit has an account receivable from that customer. Point: “On credit” and “on account” mean cash is paid at a future date.
Liabilities Liabilities are creditors’ claims on assets. These claims are obligations to provide assets, products, or services to others. A payable is a liability that promises a future
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outflow of resources. Examples are wages payable to workers, accounts payable to suppliers, notes (loans) payable to banks, and taxes payable.
Equity Equity is the owner’s claim on assets and is equal to assets minus liabilities. Equity is also called net assets or residual equity.
Accounting Equation The relation of assets, liabilities, and equity is shown in the following accounting equation. The accounting equation applies to all transactions and events, to all companies and organizations, and to all points in time.
We can break down equity to get the expanded accounting equation.
Point: This equation can be rearranged. Example: Assets − Liabilities = Equity
We see that equity increases from owner investments and from revenues. It decreases from withdrawals and from expenses. Equity consists of four parts.
Decision Insight
Big Data The SEC keeps an online database called EDGAR (sec.gov/edgar) that has accounting information for thousands of companies, such as Columbia Sportswear, that issue stock to the public. The annual report filing for most publicly traded U.S. companies is known as Form 10-K, and the quarterly filing is Form 10-Q. Information services such as Finance.Yahoo.com offers online data and analysis. ■
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©Greg Epperson/Shutterstock
NEED-TO-KNOW 1-3
Accounting Equation A1
Part 1: Use the accounting equation to compute the missing financial statement amounts.
Solution
a. $120 b. $400 Part 2: Use the expanded accounting equation to compute the missing financial statement amounts.
Solution
a. $65 b. $10
Do More: QS 1-7, QS 1-8, E 1-8, E 1-9
Transaction Analysis
P1_______ Analyze business transactions using the accounting equation.
Business activities are described in terms of transactions and events. External transactions are exchanges of value between two entities, which cause changes in the accounting equation. An example is the sale of the AppleCare Protection Plan by Apple. Internal transactions are exchanges within an entity, which may or may not affect the accounting equation. An
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example is Target’s use of its supplies, which are reported as expenses when used. Events are happenings that affect the accounting equation and are reliably measured. They include business events such as changes in the market value of certain assets and liabilities and natural events such as fires that destroy assets and create losses.
This section uses the accounting equation to analyze 11 transactions and events of FastForward, a start-up consulting (service) business, in its first month of operations. Remember that after each transaction and event, assets always equal liabilities plus equity.
Real company names are in bold magenta
Transaction 1: Investment by Owner On December 1, Chas Taylor forms a consulting business named FastForward and set up as a proprietorship. FastForward evaluates the performance of footwear and accessories. Taylor owns and manages the business, which will publish online reviews and consult with clubs, athletes, and others who purchase Nike and Adidas products.
Taylor invests $30,000 cash in the new company and deposits the cash in a bank account opened under the name of FastForward. After this transaction, cash (an asset) and owner’s equity each equals $30,000. Equity is increased by the owner’s investment, which is included in the column titled C. Taylor, Capital. The effect of this transaction on FastForward is shown in the accounting equation as follows (we label the equity entries).
Transaction 2: Purchase Supplies for Cash FastForward uses $2,500 of its cash to buy supplies of Nike and Adidas footwear for performance testing over the next few months. This transaction is an exchange of cash, an asset, for another kind of asset, supplies. It simply changes the form of assets from cash to supplies. The decrease in cash is exactly equal to the increase in supplies. The supplies of footwear are assets because of the expected future benefits from the test results of their performance.
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Transaction 3: Purchase Equipment for Cash FastForward spends $26,000 to acquire equipment for testing footwear. Like Transaction 2, Transaction 3 is an exchange of one asset, cash, for another asset, equipment. The equipment is an asset because of its expected future benefits from testing footwear. This purchase changes the makeup of assets but does not change the asset total. The accounting equation remains in balance.
Transaction 4: Purchase Supplies on Credit Taylor decides more supplies of footwear and accessories are needed. These additional supplies cost $7,100, but FastForward has only $1,500 in cash. Taylor arranges to purchase them on credit from CalTech Supply Company. Thus, FastForward acquires supplies in exchange for a promise to pay for them later. This purchase increases assets by $7,100 in supplies, and liabilities (called accounts payable to CalTech Supply) increase by the same amount.
Example: If FastForward pays $500 cash in Transaction 4, how does this partial payment affect the liability to CalTech? Answer: The liability to CalTech is reduced to $6,600 and the cash balance is reduced to $1,000.
Transaction 5: Provide Services for Cash FastForward plans to earn revenues by selling online ad space and consulting with clients about footwear and accessories. It earns net income only if its revenues are greater than its expenses. In its first job, FastForward provides consulting services and immediately collects $4,200 cash. The accounting equation reflects this increase in cash of $4,200 and in equity of $4,200. This increase in equity is
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shown in the far right column under Revenues because the cash received is earned by providing consulting services.
Point: Revenue recognition principle requires that revenue is recognized when work is performed.
Transactions 6 and 7: Payment of Expenses in Cash FastForward pays $1,000 to rent its facilities. Paying this amount allows FastForward to occupy the space for the month of December. The rental payment is shown in the following accounting equation as Transaction 6. FastForward also pays the biweekly $700 salary of the company’s only employee. This is shown in the accounting equation as Transaction 7. Both Transactions 6 and 7 are December expenses for FastForward. The costs of both rent and salary are expenses, not assets, because their benefits are used in December (they have no future benefits after December). The accounting equation shows that both transactions reduce cash and equity. The far right column shows these decreases as Expenses.
Point: Expense recognition principle requires that expenses are recognized when the revenue they help generate is recorded.
Transaction 8: Provide Services and Facilities for Credit FastForward provides consulting services of $1,600 and rents its test facilities for an additional $300 to Adidas on credit. Adidas is billed for the $1,900 total. This transaction creates a new asset, called accounts receivable, from Adidas. Accounts receivable is increased instead of cash because the payment has not yet been received. Equity is increased from the two revenue components shown in the Revenues column of the accounting equation.
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Point: Transaction 8, like 5, records revenue when work is performed, not necessarily when cash is received.
Transaction 9: Receipt of Cash from Accounts Receivable The client in Transaction 8 (Adidas) pays $1,900 to FastForward 10 days after it is billed for consulting services. This Transaction 9 does not change the total amount of assets and does not affect liabilities or equity. It converts the receivable (an asset) to cash (another asset). It does not create new revenue. Revenue was recognized when FastForward performed the services in Transaction 8, not when the cash is collected.
Point: Transaction 9 involved no added client work, so no added revenue is recorded. Point: Receipt of cash is not always a revenue.
Transaction 10: Payment of Accounts Payable FastForward pays CalTech Supply $900 cash as partial payment for its earlier $7,100 purchase of supplies (Transaction 4), leaving $6,200 unpaid. This transaction decreases FastForward’s cash by $900 and decreases its liability to CalTech Supply by $900. Equity does not change. This event does not create an expense even though cash flows out of FastForward (instead the expense is recorded when FastForward uses these supplies).
Transaction 11: Withdrawal of Cash by Owner The owner of FastForward withdraws $200 cash for personal use. Withdrawals (decreases in equity) are not reported as expenses because they do not help earn revenue. Because withdrawals are not expenses, they are not used in computing net income.
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Summary of Transactions Exhibit 1.9 shows the effects of these 11 transactions of FastForward using the accounting equation. Assets equal liabilities plus equity after each transaction.
EXHIBIT 1.9 Summary of Transactions Using the Accounting Equation
NEED-TO-KNOW 1-4
Transaction Analysis P1
Assume Tata Company began operations on January 1 and completed the following transactions during its first month of operations. Arrange the following asset, liability, and equity titles in a table like Exhibit 1.9: Cash; Accounts Receivable; Equipment; Accounts Payable; J. Tata, Capital; J. Tata, Withdrawals; Revenues; and Expenses.
Solution
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Do More: QS 1-10, QS 1-11, E 1-10, E 1-11, E 1-13
COMMUNICATING WITH USERS
P2_______ Identify and prepare basic financial statements and explain how they interrelate.
Financial statements are prepared in the order below using the 11 transactions of FastForward. (These statements are unadjusted—we explain this in Chapters 2 and 3.) The four financial statements and their purposes follow.
Income Statement FastForward’s income statement for December is shown at the top of Exhibit 1.10. Information about revenues and expenses is taken from the Equity columns of Exhibit 1.9. Revenues are reported first on the income statement. They include consulting revenues of $5,800 from Transactions 5 and 8 and rental revenue of $300 from Transaction 8. Expenses are reported after revenues. Rent and salary expenses are from Transactions 6 and 7. Expenses are the costs to generate the revenues reported. Net income occurs when revenues exceed expenses. A net loss occurs when expenses exceed revenues. Net income (or loss) is
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Page 16 shown at the bottom of the statement and is the amount reported in December. Owner’s investments and withdrawals are not part of income.
Key Terms are in bold and defined again in the glossary
Point: Net income is sometimes called earnings or profit.
EXHIBIT 1.10 Financial Statements and Their Links
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Point: A statement’s heading identifies the company, the statement title, and the date or time period. Point: Arrow lines show how the statements are linked. ➀ Net income is used to compute equity. ➁ Owner capital is used to prepare the balance sheet. ➂ Cash from the balance sheet is used to reconcile the statement of cash flows.
Point: The income statement, the statement of owner’s equity, and the statement of cash flows are prepared for a period of time. The balance sheet is prepared as of a point in time.
Point: A single ruled line means an addition or subtraction. Final totals are double underlined. Negative amounts may or may not be in parentheses.
Statement of Owner’s Equity
©Pavel1964/Shutterstock
The statement of owner’s equity reports how equity changes over the reporting period. This statement shows beginning capital, events that increase it (owner investments and net income), and events that decrease it (withdrawals and net loss). Ending capital is computed in this statement and is carried over and reported on the balance sheet. FastForward’s statement of owner’s equity is the second report in Exhibit 1.10. The beginning balance is measured as of the start of business on December 1. It is zero because FastForward did not exist before then. An existing business reports a beginning balance equal to the prior period’s ending balance (such as from November 30). FastForward’s statement shows the $4,400 of net income for the period, which links the income statement to the statement of owner’s equity (see line ➀). The statement also reports the $200 cash withdrawal and FastForward’s end-of- period capital balance.
Balance Sheet FastForward’s balance sheet is the third report in Exhibit 1.10. This statement shows FastForward’s financial position at the end of business day on December 31. The left side of the balance sheet lists FastForward’s assets: cash, supplies, and equipment. The upper right side of the balance sheet shows that FastForward owes $6,200 to creditors. Any other liabilities (such as a bank loan) would be listed here. The equity balance is $34,200. Line ➁ shows the link between the ending balance of the statement of owner’s equity and the equity balance on the balance sheet. (This presentation of the balance sheet is called the account form: assets on the left and liabilities and equity on the right. Another presentation is the report form: assets on top, followed by liabilities and then equity at the bottom. Both are acceptable.) As always, the accounting equation balances: Assets of $40,400 = Liabilities of $6,200 + Equity of $34,200.
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Statement of Cash Flows FastForward’s statement of cash flows is the final report in Exhibit 1.10. The first section reports cash flows from operating activities. It shows the $6,100 cash received from clients and the $5,100 cash paid for supplies, rent, and employee salaries. Outflows are in parentheses to denote subtraction. Net cash provided by operating activities for December is $1,000. The second section reports investing activities, which involve buying and selling assets such as land and equipment that are held for long-term use (typically more than one year). The only investing activity is the $26,000 purchase of equipment. The third section shows cash flows from financing activities, which include long-term borrowing and repaying of cash from lenders and the cash investments from, and withdrawals by, the owner. FastForward reports $30,000 from the owner’s initial investment and a $200 cash withdrawal. The net cash effect of all financing transactions is a $29,800 cash inflow. The final part of the statement shows an increased cash balance of $4,800. The ending balance is also $4,800 as it started with no cash—see line ➂. Point: Payment for supplies is an operating activity because supplies are expected to be used up in short-term operations (typically less than one year).
Point: Investing activities refer to long-term asset investments by the company, not to owner investments.
NEED-TO-KNOW 1-5
Financial Statements P2
Prepare the (a) income statement, (b) statement of owner’s equity, and (c) balance sheet for Apple using the following condensed data from its fiscal year ended September 30, 2017 ($ in millions).
Solution ($ in millions)
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Do More: QS 1-12, QS 1-13, QS 1-14, E 1-15, E 1-16, E 1-17
Decision Analysis (a section at the end of each chapter) covers ratios for decision making using real company data. Instructors can skip this section and cover all ratios in Chapter 17
Decision Analysis Return on Assets
A2_______ Compute and interpret return on assets.
We organize financial statement analysis into four areas: (1) liquidity and efficiency, (2) solvency, (3) profitability, and (4) market prospects—Chapter 17 has a ratio listing with definitions and groupings by area. When analyzing ratios, we use a company’s prior-year ratios and competitor ratios to identify good, bad, or average performance.
This chapter presents a profitability measure: return on assets. Return on assets is
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useful in evaluating management, analyzing and forecasting profits, and planning activities. Return on assets (ROA), also called return on investment (ROI), is defined in Exhibit 1.11.
EXHIBIT 1.11 Return on Assets
Net income is from the annual income statement, and average total assets is computed by adding the beginning and ending amounts for that same period and dividing by 2. Nike reports total net income of $4,240 million for the current year. At the beginning of the current year its total assets are $21,396 million, and at the end of the current year they total $23,259 million. Nike’s return on assets for the current year is:
Is a 19.0% return on assets good or bad for Nike? To help answer this question, we compare (benchmark) Nike’s return with its prior performance and the return of its competitor, Under Armour. Nike shows a stable pattern of good returns that reflects effective use of assets. Nike has outperformed Under Armour in each of the last three years. Its management performed well based on Nike’s return on assets.
EXHIBIT 1.12 Nike and Under Armour Returns
Decision Analysis ends with a role-playing scenario to show the usefulness of ratios
Decision Maker
Business Owner You own a winter ski resort that earns a 2
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